Logical Reasoning - Argument Flashcards
To identify an argument’s premises, what do you ask yourself?
What reasons has the author used to persuade me?
Why should I believe this argument?
What evidence exists?
To identify a argument’s conclusion, what do you ask yourself?
What is the author driving at?
What does the author want me to believe?
What point follows from the others?
What are the words used to introduce an argument’s premises?
Because Since For For example For the reason that In that Given that As indicated by Due to Owing to This can be seen from We know this by
What are the words used to introduce an argument’s conclusions?
Thus Therefore Hence Consequently As a result So Accordingly Clearly Must be that Shows that Conclude that Follows that For this reason
Conclusion indicator and premise indicator in one sentence means?
For example, “Therefore, since…”
The end of the premise will be closed with a second comma, and the conclusion will follow.
What are the words used to introduce an additional argument’s premises?
Furthermore Moreover Besides In addition What's more After all
What are the words used to indicate an argument’s counter-premises?
But Yet However On the other hand Admittedly In contrast Although Even though Still Whereas In spite of Despite After all
What would you do if you can’t identify a conclusion?
Take the statements under consideration for the conclusion and mentally place them in an arrangement that forces one to be the conclusion and premises using the indicators.
Complex Argument
One of the most commonly used complex argument forms is to place the main conclusion in the first sentence of the argument, and then to place the sub-conclusion in the last sentence of the argument, preceded by a conclusion indicator.
Determine strength of a argument
Ask “Do the given facts support the conclusion?”
Inference
Must be true based on the information presented in the argument
Assumption
What must be true in order for the argument to be true
What are the Quality indicators?
Quality indicators refer to the amount or quantity in the relationship:
All Every Most Many Some Several Few Sole Only Not all None
What are the probability indicators?
Probability indicators refer to the likelihood of occurrence: Must Will Always Not always Probably Likely Would Not necessarily Could Rarely Never
