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Loire Valley Flashcards

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1
Q

Other than the Loire river, what are the other 2 primary rivers of the Lower Loire?

A

Le Sevre Nantaise
&
Le Petite Maine

AKA - Sevre & Maine

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2
Q

What defines “Caillotes”?

A

Little limestone pebbles

One of 3 soil types in the Centre Loire

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3
Q

What is “Passerillage”?

A

Passerillage is the technique of allowing grapes to wither and dry on the vine by pinching/twisting the stem

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4
Q

What style of wine is Coteaux de Saumur AOC?

A

It is a sweet, botrytized dessert wine

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5
Q

Which sweet wine producing sub-region lies within the Anjou Zone of Production?

A

Layon

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6
Q

What are the 3 distinct soil types in the Centre Loire?

A

Terres Blanches
Caillotes
Silex

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7
Q

The Pineau de la Loire grape is more commonly known as?

A

Chenin Blanc

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8
Q

What style of wine is made in the Rose-de-Loire AOC?

A

This is a dry rose’ made anywhere in the middle Loire

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9
Q

What 3 AOC’s in the Centre Loire make white wine only?

A

Pouilly-Fumé
Pouilly-Sur-Loire
Quincy

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10
Q

Which Loire sub-regions have a wholly continental climate?

A

The Centre and Upper Loire

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11
Q

What is the synonym for Cabernet Franc?

A

Breton

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12
Q

What is the difference between Cabernet d’Anjou and Cabernet de Saumur?

A

Cabernet d’Anjou is sweeter it must contain a minimum of 1% RS
Cabernet de Saumur must contain less than 1% RS

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13
Q

What two Centre Loire AOC’s are located on the Cher river?

A

Quincy & Reuilly

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14
Q

What is the principle red grape of Touraine?

A

Cabernet Franc (Breton)

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15
Q

What is “Mousseux”?

A

Mousseux means frothy or bubbly

These are Methode Traditionelle wines with at least 3 atmospheres of pressure

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16
Q

What Loire wine region is known for Kimmeridgean limestone?

A

The Centre Loire

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17
Q

What defines the term “Fines Bulles”?

A

It translates to fine bubbles and is a general term for all Loire sparkling wines

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18
Q

What category of Loire Sparkling wine does not have an aging requirement?

A

Petillant

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19
Q

The Muscadet grape is also known as?

A

Melon de Bourgogne

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20
Q

What 2 grapes dominate the Middle Loire?

A 
Chenin Blanc (Pineau de la Loire)
Cabernet Franc (Breton)
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21
Q

What style of wine is made in the Anjou Coteaux de la Loire AOC?

A

Sweet, botrytized dessert wines

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22
Q

The term “Silex” refers to?

A

Flint soils found in the Centre Loire

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23
Q

What are the primary grapes of the Sancerre AOC?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

Pinot Noir

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24
Q

Which Middle Loire AOC is a Monopole?

A

Savennieres Coulee de Serrant

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25
What style of wine is made in the Cabernet d'Anjou AOC?
Off-dry to sweet rosé made from both Cabernets
26
What Loire wine is frequently aged Sur Lie?
Muscadet
27
What is "Petillant"
The term means fizzy | These are Methode Traditionelle wines with 1 - 2.5 atmospheres of pressure
28
Where is Vouvray located?
Touraine (Middle Loire)
29
What style of wine is made in the Rose d'Anjou AOC?
Off dry rose' made primarily of Grolleau
30
What is "Tuffeau"?
A porous chalk/limestone soil | Found in parts of the Middle Loire
31
What is "Terres Blanches"?
A marl rich in oyster fossils, one of three soils found in the Centre Loire
32
The Folle Blanche grape is also known as?
Gros Plant
33
For what type of wine is Saumur known for?
Sparkling
34
In which Loire sub-region is the Pays Nantes located?
Lower Loire
35
What 3 white grapes are grown in the Lower Loire?
Muscadet (Melon de Bourgogne) Folle Blanch (Gros Plant) Pinot Gris
36
What area of the Loire has volcanic soils?
The Lower Loire | Gneiss dominates the top soils, igneous rock the sub-soils
37
What is the primary white grape of the Centre Loire?
Sauvignon Blanc
38
What style of wine is made in the Vouvray AOC?
Dry, off-dry and sweet white wines from Chenin Blanc
39
What is the principal grape used in rosé production in the Middle Loire?
Grolleau
40
What soil type gives wines a unique gun-flint/smoky finish?
Silex
41
What are the primary red grapes of the Upper Loire?
Pinot Noir | Gamay
42
Savennieres is best known for?
Dry Chenin Blanc, but Moelleux and Doux versions are also produced
43
What is Touraine Primeur?
A wine made from Gamay using semi-carbonic maceration
44
What style of wine is made in the Coteaux du Layon AOC?
Sweet, botrytized dessert wine
45
What grape is used to make sweet wine in the Middle Loire?
Chenin Blanc
46
What grape variety is used in Cour-Cheverny AOC?
Romorantin
47
What are the grapes of the Chinon AOC?
``` Cabernet Franc (Breton) Chenin Blanc (Pineau de la Loire) ```
48
What style of wine is made in the Bonnezeaux AOC?
Sweet, botrytized dessert wine
49
What are the 3 Cru's of the Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC?
Clisson Gorges Le Pallet
50
How long must Loire Crémant spend aging on its lees?
12 Months (vs 9 months for most other regions in France)
51
The Gros Plant grape is also known as?
Folle Blanche
52
What are the two principle white grapes grown in the Lower Loire sub-region around Pays Nantes
Muscadet (Melon de Bourgogne) | Gros Plant
53
Who introduced formal viticulture into the Loire Valley and in what century?
The Romans in the 1st century AD
54
Who was the power couple of the Loire in 1152?
Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry Plantagenet Parents of Richard the Lionhearted
55
What did Jeanne d'Arc do in 1429 during the middle ages in Chinon in the Loire Valley?
She persuaded the Dauphin of France to defy the English
56
In the 15th to 17th century what did the French Nobility do in the Loire?
They began building the over 300 Chateaus along the Loire River (Golden Age)
57
What was the impact of Phylloxera on the Loire Valley?
The Loire Valley was one of the last areas to get hit and last to recover. This put the Loire Valley behind the other regions once they recovered
58
What were the 3 challenges that the vignerons faced in the 18th century in the Loire?
The railway system Phylloxera The French Revolution
59
What are the advantages of having vineyards near a river?
Rivers will provide 2 - 4 degrees more warmth to the vineyards
60
From west to east what are the 4 sub-regions of the Loire Valley?
Pays Nantais Anjou & Saumur Touraine Upper & Center Loire
61
Describe the Loire river...
Very shallow in general Depth can vary greatly Very difficult to navigate
62
What is the climate of the Lower Loire?
Maritime
63
What is the climate of the middle Loire?
Maritime with continental influences
64
What is the climate of the Center Loire?
Continental
65
What is the climate of the Upper Loire?
Continental
66
What region of the Loire is Pays Nantes in?
The lower Loire | Warming ocean influences with 2,000 hours of annual sunshine make it the warmest and sunniest area in the Loire
67
What is the main soil type in the Loire sub-region of Pays Nantes
Gneiss, a metamorphic rock | Very free draining which is good for this wet area
68
In the Loire what is the synonym for the Muscadet Grape?
Melon d' Bourgogne
69
What grapes is Muscadet a cross of?
Gouis Blanc & Pinot
70
What is the Synonym for Gros Plant?
Folle Blanche
71
What are the 7 Muscadet AOC's in the Loire Valley?
``` Muscadet AOC Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC - Clisson (Grand Cru) - Gorges (Grand Crus) - Le Pellet (Grand Cru) Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire AOC Muscadet-Cotes de Grandlieu AOC ```
72
Which of the Muscadet AOC's in the Loire Valley produces the most wine?
Muscadet-Sevre et Maine AOC
73
In the Loire Valley what are the Sevre & Maine?
Rivers
74
In the Loire Valley which of the Muscadet AOC's can be labeled Sur Lie?
Muscadet AOC Muscadet-Sevre at Maine AOC Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire AOC Muscadet-Cotes de Grandlieu AOC NOT THE GRAND CRUS
75
What are the Lees?
Dead yeast cells
76
What characteristics are added to the wine if it is left in contact with the Lees (Sur Lie)?
Added creaminess to the mouthfeel | Comes from the Mano-proteins released by the yeast
77
What are the 4 main areas in the Middle Loire?
Anjou Layon Saumur Touraine
78
What are the 2 main grapes of the Middle Loire?
``` Chenin Blanc (Pineau de la Loire) Cabernet Franc (Breton) ```
79
What are the synonyms of Chenin Blanc in the Loire Valley?
Pineau de la Loire | Gros Pineau
80
What are the 2 main soils of the Middle Loire?
Tuffeau | Schist
81
What is the Synonym of Cabernet Franc?
Breton
82
What is the soil Tuffeau, found in the Loire Valley?
Turonian Chalk formed 89-93 mya
83
Name the Chenin AOC's of the middle Loire...
``` Anjou Blanc AOC Savennieres AOC Saumur Blanc AOC Montloius-Sur-Loire AOC Vouvray AOC Coteaux du Loir AOC ```
84
Name the Cabernet Franc AOC's of the Middle Loire...
Chinon AOC Bourgueil AOC St-Nicholas-de-Bourgueil
85
What grapes are used in the Touraine Blanc AOC?
``` Sauvignon Blanc (primary) min 80% Some Sauvignon Gris ```
86
What are the Layon AOC's that use botrytized Chenin in their wine?
``` Anjou-Coteaux de la Loire Bonnezeaux Coteaux de Layon Coteaux du Layon - Chaume 1er Crus Coteaux de Layon + Village Coteaux de L'Aubance Quarts de Chaume Grand Cru ```
87
Which is the only one of the sweet AOC's to lie outside of Layon?
Coteaux de la Loire
88
Which of the sweet Layon AOC's has the highest minimum RS requirement?
Quarts de Chaume Grand Cru AOC
89
``` What is the principle grape and sweetness level of the following AOC's: Savennieres Vouvray Montlouis-Sur-Loire Chinon Bourgueil ```
Savennieres - Chenin Blanc, Dry but Demi-Sec, Moelluex and Doux: Still Vouvray - Chenin Blanc, Dry, semi-sweet; still or sparkling Montlouis - Same as Vouvray Chinon- Cabernet Franc, dry Bourgueil - Same as Chinon
90
What are the names of the 2 AOC's in Savennieres in the Loire Valley?
Coulee de Serrant | La Rouch Aux Moines
91
Which of the 2 Savennieres AOC's is a monopole?
Coulee de Serrant
92
What grape is grown in Cour-Cheverny AOC on the east side of Touraine?
Romorantin
93
What grapes are grown in Cheverny AOC on the east side of Touraine?
Primary Whites - Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris | Primary Reds - Pinot Noir
94
What are the rose's sweetness levels in the Loire Valley?
Rose de Loire - max .3% RS Cabernet de Saumur - max .7% RS Rose d'Anjou - min .7% RS Cabernet d'Anjou - min 1% RS
95
T or F? Rose' in the Loire Valley can be made by both saignee and direct press methods
True
96
What grape is permitted in Rosé de Loire but not Rosé d'Anjou?
Pinot Noir
97
What grape variety is allowed in Rosé d'Anjou but not Rosé de Loire?
Malbec
98
Name the AOC's of the Middle Loire that will permit rosés?
``` Bourgueil AOC St-Nicholas-de Bourgueil AOC Chinon AOC Coteaux du Loir AOC Touraine AOC ```
99
What is the difference between Petillants, Mousseux and Crémant de la Loire?
The pressure and aging Petillant - 1 -2.5 atms Mousseaux - min 3 atms less production standards than Crémant with a min of 9 months sur lie aging Crémant - 6 atms min 12 month on lees and 1 month in bottle
100
What are the 2 biggest AOC areas in the Centre Loire?
Sancerre | Poully Fume
101
What are the sparkling AOC's in the Loire?
``` Crémant de la Loire AOC Anjou Mousseux AOC Saumur Mousseux AOC Touraine Mousseux & Petillant AOCs Montlouis-Sur-Loire Mousseux & Petillant AOCs Vouvray Mousseux and Petillant AOCs ```
102
What are the 3 soil types of the Centre Loire?
Terres Blanches - Limestone rich marls Caillottes - Limestone gravels Silex - Flint
103
What are Kimmeridgean soils?
Limestone rich marls
104
``` What are the principle grapes and sweetness levels of the following Centre Loire AOC's? Sancerre: Pouilly-Fume: Pouilly-Sur-Loire: Menetou-Salon: Reuilly: Quincy: ```
Sancerre: Sauvignon Blanc (white) Pinot Noir (red). Red and rose are dry Pouilly-Fume: Sauvignon Blanc - Dry Pouilly-Sur-Loire: Chasselas, some Sauvignon Blanc - Dry Menetou-Salon: Sauvignon Blanc (white) Pinot Noir (red). Red and rose are dry Reuilly: Sauvignon Blanc (white), Pinot Noir (red), Pinot Noir & Pinot Gris (rose') - all dry Quincy: Sauvignon Blanc - Dry
105
Where in the Loire Valley is Muscadet found?
The Lower Loire
106
How long is the Loire River?
622 miles
107
With who and when did viticulture begin in the Loire Valley?
Began in the 1st century AD by the Romans
108
During the middle ages the Loire valley became the dividing line between who?
The Latin influenced south and the Celtic/Germanic north
109
Who maintained the vineyards of the Loire Valley from the middle ages to the 17th century?
The Augustinian and Benedictine monks
110
Who were the key customers for Loire wine during the 1600's?
England and the Netherlands
111
What were the first Loire AOC's to receive AOC status in 1936?
Quincy, Anjou, Muscadet, Sancerre and Vouvray
112
What are the Loire Valley's wine production stats?
75% AOC 14% IGP 11% Vins Sans IG
113
Where is the Loire Valley wine region located?
North of Cognac South of Normandy East of the Atlantic West of Bourgogne and the Massif Central
114
How does the gulf stream effect impact the Loire?
Mild & warm air reaches all the way to Orleans on the soft gulf stream breeze
115
Is chaptilization allowed in the Loire Valley?
Yes, but only in certain years and under certain circumstances
116
What is the only grape allowed for dessert wines in the Loire?
Chenin Blanc
117
What are the 2 methods of rose production in the Loire Valley?
1. Direct press with 1 -4 hrs of skin contact in the press | 2. Saignee method, crushed grapes undergo about 12 hrs of skin contact
118
What are the sparkling wines in the Loire Valley called?
"Fines Bulles"
119
Vineyards flanking a river are how much warmer than vineyards that do not?
2-4 degrees
120
What percentage of the Loire's total production is AOC level?
75%
121
T or F? All Loire Valley sparkling wine is made according to the Methode Traditionelle..
True
122
Where are the vineyards located in the Lower Loire Valley?
6 - 60 miles from the coast on flat or slightly south facing plots
123
What 2 rivers bisect the Lower Loire Valley?
The Sevre and Maine Rivers
124
What is the type of soil in the Lower Loire?
Most topsoil consists of Gneiss a very porous rock that provides critical drainage The Subsoil is crystalline (quartz) igneous rocks, very high in minerals
125
Savenniers is located in what Loire sub-region?
Anjou
126
What is the principle red grape of the Middle Loire?
Cabernet Franc (Breton)
127
T or F? Chardonnay is grown in the Loire Valley..
True
128
T or F? Sancerre produces red wine from Gamay?
False
129
Does Cour-Cheverny produce white wine from Sauvignon Blanc?
No, it uses Romorantin
130
Where will you find Kimmeridgean soil in the Loire Valley?
Centre Loire
131
``` What are the synonyms for the following grapes: Muscadet: Chenin Blanc: Malbec: Cabernet Franc: Gros Plant: ```
``` Muscadet: Melon d' Bourgogne Chenin Blanc: Pineau de la Loire, Gros Pineau Malbec: Cot Cabernet Franc: Breton Gros Plant: Folle Blanche ```
132
What area is the single largest producer of sparkling wine in the Loire?
Saumur
133
What is the largest AOC in the Loire Valley?
Muscadet
134
T or F? Romorantin is a red grape..
False
135
Where is the Reuilly AOC located and on top of what type of soil?
It flanks the Cher River on top of Kimmeridgean soil
136
Sancerre AOC produces what type of wines?
White, red and rosé
137
Quincy AOC only makes whites from what 2 grapes?
Sauvignon Blanc & Sauvignon Gris
138
Pouilly-Fume AOC only makes whites from what grape?
Sauvignon Blanc
139
T or F? All Loire Valley AOC's are permitted to make Crémant ...
False
140
What are the wine areas of the Loire valley from west to east?
``` Pays Nantes Anjou Layon Saumur Touraine Sancerre ```
141
Gneiss and igneous/volcanic rock is found in what part of the Loire Valley?
Pays Nantes
142
T or F? Reuilly makes red, white and rose' wines...
True
143
What soil types are found throughout the Center Loire?
``` Caillottes Sand Kimmeridgean Soil Silex Terres Blanches ```
144
What is the soil type Caillotes?
Little limestone pebbles | Produces wines of less structure
145
What is the soil type of Silex?
Flint Produces wines of vibrant acidity It adds a a unique gunflint/smokey finish
146
What is the soil type Terres Blanches?
A marl rich in oyster fossils | Produces wines of vibrant acidity
147
What are the 3 distinct soil types sitting on top of the base Kimmeridgean limestone in the Centre Loire?
Terres Blanches Caillottes Silex
148
What is the climate of the Centre Loire?
Continental Climate | Largest diurnal and seasonal temperature swings of the 4 Loire sub-regions
149
What are the primary red and white grapes of the Centre Loire?
Sauvignon Blanc | Pinot Noir
150
What are the synonyms of the following grapes?: ``` Pinot Noir: Cabernet Franc: Chenin Blanc: Malbec: Pinot Meunier: ```
``` Pinot Noir: Auvernat Noir Cabernet Franc: Breton Chenin Blanc: Pineau de la Loire Malbec: Cot Pinot Meunier: Gris Meunier ```
151
T or F? The Dominant red grape of the Middle Loire is Cabernet Sauvignon...
False it is Cabernet Franc
152
Rose de la Loire is always dry?
True
153
What grape does the Touraine AOC craft whites from?
Sauvignon Blanc & Sauvignon Gris
154
Of the 3 sparkling methods - Petillant, Mousseaux & Crémant which has the longest aging requirements?
Crémant
155
T or F? Vouvray and Montlouis-Sur-Loire are white only AOC's?
True
156
Most of the sweet wines of Anjou flank what river?
Layon
157
Describe Crémant in the Loire Valley..
Made according to the Method Traditionelle Must spend 12 months aging Sur Lie plus 1 month in the bottle before release Only Loire sparkling wine with regulations concerning pressings
158
Describe Mousseux in the Loire Valley..
Made according to the Methode Traditionelle Has a min of 3 atms of pressure Most have 9 months Sur Lie Mousseux means frothy and fizzy
159
Describe Petillant in the Loire Valley..
Made according to the Method Traditionelle Sparkling wine with about 1/2 the pressure as Mousseux or Crémant Delicate sparkling with 1 -2.5 atms Petillant means fizzy
160
What is the primary grape of the dry white AOC Cour-Cheverny?
Romorantin
161
T or F? In the Vouvray AOC the sweet wines must be affected by Botrytis
False it is optional
162
Volumetrically, what is the largest red wine producing AOC in the Loire Valley?
Chinon AOC
163
``` What are the following grapes also known as in Touraine?: Cabernet Franc: Pinot Noir: Malbec: Pinot Meunier: ```
Cabernet Franc: Breton Pinot Noir: Auvernat Noir Malbec: Cot Pinot Meunier: Gris Meunier
164
What are the soil types of the Middle Loire region of Touraine?
Tuffeau Perruche (flint & clay) Aubuis (limestone & clay)
165
Describe the Savennieres area within the Middle Loire..
Located on the right bank Has schist, slate and clay soils Produces Frances most age worthy whites
166
What are the 6 AOC's along the Layon River that produce sweet wine from Botrytized Chenin Blanc?
``` Bonnezeau AOC Coteaux du Layon AOC Coteaux du Layon + Village AOC Coteaux du Layon Chaume 1er Crus Coteaux de L'Aubance AOC Quarts de Chaume AOC ```
167
What 2 items are the sweet wines from Anjou always?
1. Chenin Blanc | 2. Botrytized
168
What are the 2 major soil types in the Middle Loire region of Anjou?
1. Dark Schist | 2. Tuffeau (white chalk)
169
What are the 4 primary red grapes of the Middle Loire?
1. Cabernet Franc (Cot) 2. Cabernet Sauvignon 3. Gamay 4. Pinot Noir
170
What are the 2 major white grapes of the Middle Loire?
1. Chenin Blanc | 2. Sauvignon Blanc
171
What is the best sun exposure direction for vineyards in the Middle Loire?
South
172
What type of climate does the Middle Loire have?
Maritime with climate from the Lower Loire with continental influences from the Centre and Upper Loire
173
What area in the Loire Valley produces the largest amount of sparkling wine?
Saumur
174
What is Layon famous for in the Middle Loire?
Sweet wine production
175
What style of wine is made in the Chaume and Quarts de Chaume AOC's?
Sweet, botrytized dessert wine
176
What is Touraine Noble-Joué?
A Vin Gris made primarily from Pinot Meunier
177
What Centre Loire AOC produces wines from Chasselas?
Pouilly-Sur-Loire
178
What style of wine is produced in Layon?
Sweet wine affected by Noble Rot
179
Describe the Muscadet-Coteaux de la Loire AOC..
It is the smallest of the Muscadet AOC's | Located north of Nantes on both sides of the Loire River
180
From west to east what are the 4 major wine areas within the Middle Loire sub-region?
1. Anjou 2. Layon 3. Saumur 4. Touraine
181
What 2 grapes dominate the Middle Loire?
1. Chenin Blanc | 2. Cabernet Franc
182
What area does the regional AOC Muscadet AOC cover and what percentage of the Muscadet region does it cover?
Muscadet AOC covers all of the Pays Nantais | It produces 20% of the Muscadet
183
What are the red grapes grown in the Lower Loire?
``` Cabernet Franc Cabernet Sauvignon Gamay Negrette Pinot Noir ```
184
What are the secondary white grapes in the Lower Loire?
1. Chardonnay 2. Chenin Blanc aka Pineau de la Loire & Gros Pineau 3. Pinot Gris aka Malvoisie 4. Sauvignon Blanc
185
What are the 2 primary grapes of the Lower Loire?
1. Muscadet aka Melon de Bourgogne It is a Gouais Blanc x Pinot cross from Bourgogne 2. Folle Blanche aka Gros Plant Gouais is one of its parents
186
What are the Autumns like in the Lower Loire Valley?
Warm and mild with occasional rainstorms that can be detrimental at harvest time
187
What are the summers like in the Lower Loire Valley?
Warm and mild with plenty of sunshine | High humidity can cause rot and mildew outbreaks
188
What are the springs like in the Lower Loire Valley?
Springs are cool and damp, often cloudy | Sunshine hours build as spring progresses into summer
189
What are winters like in the Lower Loire Valley?
Winters are cold and quite damp, very little snowfall | The biggest threats to the vine are frost and ice storms
190
What are the hallmarks of a maritime climate?
Less significant seasonal temperature changes | Rainfall more evenly spread throughout the year
191
What is the annual sunshine in the Lower Loire?
About 2,000 hrs
192
What is the largest Muscadet AOC by size (acreage)?
Muscadet AOC
193
T or F? All Muscadet AOC's can age their wines Sur Lie...
True
194
T or F? Anjou Gamay AOC can also be vinified as "Primeur"
True - like Beaujolais Primeur

French Wine Scholar (15 decks)

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