London

Question 1

GDP per capita

Answer 1

$56,000

Question 2

Unemployment

Answer 2

5.4%

Question 3

Life Expectancy

Answer 3

81-85

Question 4

Murder Rate

Answer 4

131 per year

Question 5

Number of parks

Answer 5

3000

Question 6

Homeless

Answer 6

10000

Question 7

Literacy rate

Answer 7

99%

Question 8

Cause of decline of docklands

Answer 8

1950s - docks entered serious decline
↑ size of ships meant it was hard to reach the docklands
Containerisation meant fewer workers were needed to remove containers from ships ↓ demand for workforce

Question 9

Consequences of decline of docklands

Answer 9

Decline in portside industries no longer receiving as many raw materials
Led to emigration:
- Few amenities + shopping facilities
- Poor environmental quality
- Few recreational activities
- Fewer jobs + lack of transport links to rest of city

Question 10

Regeneration of docklands

Answer 10

LDDC - total control over area to make rapid planning decisions.
1981-98 - 80%-50% of homes rented from council
Criticised for lack of development of transport - Docklands Light Railway constructed cheaply - driverless train link to city
Also enterprise zones on Isle of Dogs, council + property developers (One Canada Square building built, contains space for offices)

Question 11

Changes to docklands

Answer 11

Environmental - pedestrian + cycle routes, 150ha open spaces, 200,000 trees
Economic - 14-7% unemployment, £7.7bil private investment, 2,700 businesses, canary wharf is hotspot for businesses
Social - £10mil improving council houses, 22,000 new homes built, shopping centre built, £100mil spent on health, education, job training etc.

Question 12

Success in regeneration

Answer 12

↑ trade for local shopkeepers
economic, social, environmental opportunities
↑ accessibility
cheaper rents for large companies to set up quarters here

Question 13

Criticisms of regeneration

Answer 13

Many improvements didn’t benefit original residents - locals were unable to afford new expensive houses
Most skills required for new jobs are not held by Dockers
↓ in community spirit

Question 14

Management of inequality

Answer 14

Promote the voice of Londoners in new housing plans
London minimum wage is higher than national because the cost of living is higher
Mayor of London pledged that he will ensure average of at least 17,000 more affordable homes per year - reduce homelessness and people have more disposable income

Question 15

Economic issues associated with urbanisation

Answer 15

Inequality
Average house prices - £1.7mil Westminster, £400k - Tower Hamlets
1/3 of population live in poverty

Question 16

Social issues associated with urbanisation

Answer 16

Short term population who have less of a stake in the continued success of an area
Urban sprawl - air pollution + urban degeneration

Question 17

Environmental issues associated with urbanisation

Answer 17

Demands on space
Historic city centre makes adaptation to modern and environmentally friendly standards expensive

Question 18

London Smog

Answer 18

1952
Caused by burning coal, forming sulphur dioxide
4,300 Londoners still die each year from air pollution despite improvement since 1954
1952 - 4-day pea souper - people couldn’t see their feet - 4000 died

Question 19

Reducing pollution

Answer 19

Cycling lanes/improving public transport
Congestion charges
ULEZ - charge for high-emission cars

Question 20

SUDS - Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park features

Answer 20

Porous asphalt strips employed throughout pedestrian areas
Wetlands containing swales, filter drains and small ponds - haven for wildlife
Rainwater harvesting
Spine surface water sewers
Traditional road gullies + combined curb drainage collection systems

Question 21

Advantages of QE Park SUDS

Answer 21

Management of extreme flood events
Protect groundwater and local water sources from pollution
Biodiversity enhancement

Question 22

Challenges with QE Park SUDS

Answer 22

Ensuring all systems are adoptable
High foot traffic leads to soil compaction - ↓infiltration
Requires regular maintenance

Question 23

Why is water management of the Thames needed

Answer 23

Interceptor sewers, constructed after Great Stink (1858) are still the backbone of London’s sewer system but are struggling to cope with expanding population and demands of modern-day living
System discharges sewage straight into Thames during heavy rain, killing fish and threatening public health
2013 - 55mil tonnes of raw sewage washed into river

Question 24

Plans for improvement to Thames

Answer 24

Specialised tunnel boring machine has been used to excavate a tunnel, 7m diameter.
Completed tunnel will be 25km and up to 65m deep

Question 25

Waste

Answer 25

London aims to be zero waste by 2026; no biodegradable or recyclable waste will be sent to landfill. By 2030, 65% of municipal waste will be eliminated Initiatives: - Working w/ London's boroughs to deliver Reduction and Recycling Plans - Helping London's food businesses reduce waste + save money through Foodsave - Supporting programmes across London to ↑ access to free drinking water, helping to reduce the need for single-use plastic bottles

Question 26

BEDZED - Water conservation

Answer 26

Waste from toilets, showers and baths cleaned and reused for irrigation and toilets ↓ water consumption (50% of national average) Gutters flow straight to river

Question 27

BEDZED - Energy conservation

Answer 27

300ml of insulation Controlled air vents South-facing windows absorb sunlight Energy efficient lights Solar panels - 19% of energy ↓25% demand for energy

Question 28

BEDZED - waste recycling

Answer 28

Built out of reclaimed material Use material from local companies

Question 29

BEDZED - green space

Answer 29

Each unit has own garden ↓ UHI

Question 30

BEDZED - Extra info

Answer 30

Beddington - SW Londong Range of housing tenure Encouraged to use bikes 40 e-car chargers Built on brownfield site

Question 31

Pollution reduction strategies

Answer 31

Greater provision of public transport and general restrictions on polluting vehicles - cars with high emissions have to pay a daily non-compliance charge in ULEZ. London ULEZ in 2020 very effective. Paired with congestion charge in 2003 and London bus fleet upgraded with hybrid engines and zero emission single-decker buses. Very effective at reducing CO2 and e.g. incentivising cycling. However, lots of people find it more convenient to drive a car.