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MICROBE: Microbiology > Long Exam 1 > Flashcards

Long Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of series of layered structures that surround the cytoplasm and govern cellular interactions with the external environment.

A

Cell envelope

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2
Q

Functions of cell envelope

A

1.) governs transport of nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the cell
2.) the site of energy conservation
3.) governs cell shape and structural integrity
4.) protects the cell from mechanical stress
5.) helps the cell attach to surfaces and even protect the cell from attack

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3
Q

Short definition of cytoplasmic membrane

A

It surrounds the cytoplasm

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4
Q

The mixture of macromolecules and small molecules inside the cell and separates it from the environment

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

Main purpose of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

selective permeability

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6
Q

Common ground of the cytoplasmic membrane of all the bacterial and eukaryal cells

A

phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins

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7
Q

Major components of phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic polar head (phosphate)
hydrophobic nonpolar tail (fatty acid)

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8
Q

The linkage that binds the hydrophobic fatty acid tails to glycerol in eukarya and bacteria

A

ester linkage

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9
Q

The linkage that binds the hydrophobic fatty acid tails to glycerol in Archaea

A

ether linkage

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10
Q

The hydrophobic portion in the lipids of Archaea

A

isoprenoid

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11
Q

What forms the hydrophobic region of archaeal membranes

A

repeating units of the five-carbon isoprene

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12
Q

Phosphoglycerol (phythanyl) or diphosphoglycerol (biphythanyl) makes up what structure of Archaea?

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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13
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane of Archaea is made up of?

A

Phosphoglycerol (phythanyl) or diphosphoglycerol (biphythanyl) makes up what structure of Archaea?

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14
Q

Number of carbons in:
Phythanyl side chain?
Biphythanyl side chain?

A

Phythanyl - C20
Biphythanyl - C40

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15
Q

The parent structure of phythanyl

A

Isoprene

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16
Q

Function of cytoplasmic membrane

A

1.) permeability barrier (prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into and wastes out of the cell)

2.) protein anchor: site of proteins that participate in transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis

3.) energy conservation: site of generation and dissipation of the proton motive force

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17
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane is a barrier to the diffusion of most substances, especially what type of molecules?

A

polar and charged molecules

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18
Q

Gram-positive and gram-negative classification in bacteria is based on the organization what structure?

A

Cell envelope

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19
Q

Describe the cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria.

A

contains:
-cytoplasmic membrane
-thick cell wall

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20
Q

Describe the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.

A

contains:
-cell wall
-outer membrane
-periplasm

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21
Q

Describe periplasm.

A

A compartment between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane.

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22
Q

Gram stain reaction is determined by what?

A

Thickness of the cell wall (not the number of layers or the structure of the cell envelope)

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23
Q

The major component of bacterial cell wall which is a rigid polysaccharide that confers structural strength on the cell.

A

peptidoglycan

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24
Q

The sugar backbone of peptidoglycan is composed of alternating repeats of what modified glucose residues? What linkage? Attached to the latter residue is what?

A

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid joined by B-1,4 linkage

short peptide chain

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25
Q

In E.coli, the peptide chain of the peptidoglycan contains what amino acid residues?

A

L-alanine
D-alanine
D-glutamic acid
Diaminopelic acid (DAP)

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25
Q

Unusual feature of peptidoglycan

A

D-amino acids (since amino acids are usually in the L-isomer)

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26
Q

The constituents of peptidoglycan are connected in an ordered way to form what?

A

tetrapeptide

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27
Q

They are also called as “transmembrane proteins”. These types of proteins are significantly embedded in the membrane

A

Integral membrane proteins

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28
Q

This type of proteins typically interact with integral membrane proteins in cellular metabolism such as energy metabolism and transport

A

Peripheral membrane protein

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29
Q

Differentiate Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea in terms of:
Hydrophobic portion of the membrane
Linkage
Presence of Peptidoglycan
Cell wall content

A

Archaea: Isoprenoid, ether, no peptidoglycan, S-layer
Bacteria: Fatty acid, ester, have peptidoglycan, some with S-layer
Eukarya: Fatty acid, ester, no peptidoglycan, no cell wall

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30
Q

A process by which the cells accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

31
Q

What are the three basic mechanisms of active transport in prokaryotic cells

A

Simple transport system
Group translocation
ABC transport system

32
Q

An active transport mechanism in prokaryotic cells that consists only of a transmembrane protein. It is driven by the energy inherent in the proton motive force.

A

Simple transport system

33
Q

Two types of simple transport system. Differentiate.

A

Symport - a solute and a proton are cotransported in the same direction

Antiport - a solute and a proton are cotransported in the opposite direction

34
Q

A type of active transport mechanism that employs a series of proteins in the transport event.

A

Group translocation

35
Q

Group translocation active transport differs in what two ways?

A
  1. The transported substance is chemically modified during the transport process
  2. An energy-rick compound drives the transport event
36
Q

An active transport system that consists of a binding protein, transmembrane transporter, and ATP-hydrolyzing protein

A

ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport systems

37
Q

Electron transport of cellular respiration in bacterium occurs in?

A

Plasma membrane

38
Q

A component of bacterial cell wall (particularly in Gram-positive bacteria) that is composed of glycerol phosphate and ribitol phosphate with attached molecules of glucose or D-alanine or both.

A

Teichoic acids

39
Q

In E.coli, the crosslinking of peptidoglycan layers occurs between what amino acids?

A

D-alanine and meso-DAP

40
Q

A component of bacterial cell wall (particularly in Gram-positive bacteria) that is composed of glycerol phosphate and ribitol phosphate attached with lipids instead of peptidoglycan.

A

Lipoteichoic acid

41
Q

Archaeans lack these structures

A

peptidoglycan, outer membrane

42
Q

Cell walls of Archaeans are made up of what polysaccharides? What linkage?

A

Pseudomurein. N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid linked by B-1,3-linkage

43
Q

Functions of lipopolysaccharide

A
  1. facilitate cell surface recognition
  2. virulence factors for some bacterial pathogens
  3. contribute mechanical strength to the cells
44
Q

What are the components of LPS?

A

Core polysaccharide, O specific polysaccharide, Lipid A

45
Q

The core polysaccharide of LPS consists of?

A

Ketodeoxyoctonate (KDO)
Heptoses
Hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose, N-acetylglucosamine

46
Q

O-specific polysaccharides consist of?

A

Galactose, Glucose, Rhamnose, Mannose, one or more dideohexoses (such as abquose, colitose, paratose, tyvelose)

47
Q

A component of Gram-negative bacteria that anchors the membrane to the peptidoglycan layer. It is a molecule that spans the gap between the LPS layer and the peptidoglycan layer.

A

Braun lipoprotein

48
Q

The toxic component of LPS. It causes violent symptoms in humans, including gas, diarrhea, and vomiting.

A

Lipid A (secretion of endotoxin)

49
Q

Located on the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria. It functions as channels for the entrance and exits of solutes.

A

Porins

50
Q

What is an S-layer?

A

Found in Bacteria and in nearly all in Archaea. It consists of paracrystalline monolayer of interlocking molecules of proteins or glycoprotein.

Repeating units of rigid yet permeable paracrystalline structure

51
Q

These are terms used to descibe cell surface layers.

A

capsule and slime layers (glycocalyx)

52
Q

Describe and give the functions of capsules and slime layers.

A

-polysaccharide layers
-assist in attachment to surfaces
-contributes to biofilm formation
-serves as virulence factors in certain bacteria
-resist dessication
-complement-mediated killing

53
Q

This is a structure organized in a tight matrix that is more visible under the microscope using India ink (which contains particulates that stain the background but cannot penetrate the capsule).

A

Capsule

54
Q

Loosely attached polysaccharide coat. It can be easily deformed and can be lost from the cell surface.

A

Slime layer

55
Q

Thin, filamentous structures made of protein that extend from the surface of a cell and can have many functions. These are longer than fimbriae.

A

Pili

56
Q

What is the main function of pili?

A

Enable bacterial cells to stick to surfaces

57
Q

A type of pili that facilitate genetic exchange by causing cell-to-cell attchment.

A

Conjugative Pili

58
Q

A type of pili that is also known as “nanowires”. They can conduct electrons toward or away from the cell and in doing so play an important role in the energy metabolism of diverse microbes.

A

Electrically-conductive Pili

59
Q

A type of pili that facilitates adhesion but also support an unusual form of cell movement called “twitching motility in certain bacterial species.

A

Type IV pili

60
Q

A structure that resembles a tiny grappling hook. It functions to affix cells to a surface to form networked biofilm. It structurally resembles type IV pili except for their barbed terminus, which functions to attach cells both to surfaces to each other.

A

Hami

61
Q

What are the two carbon-storage polymers?

A

Poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and glycogen

62
Q

Formed when phosphate is in excess and can be drawn upon as a source of phosphate for nucleic acid and phospholipid biosynthesis when phosphate is limiting. It can be broken down to synthesize the energy-rich compound ATP from ADP.

A

Polyphosphate

62
Q

Cell inclusion that confer buoyancy in planktonic cells and allow the cells to position themselves in regions of the water column that best suit their metabolisms.

A

Gas vesicles

63
Q

A protein of gas vesicles that forms watertight vesicle shell that forms the parallel “ribs” of the vesicle and resists pressure from the outside.

A

GvpA

64
Q

The protein in gas vesicle that strengthens the shell of the gas vesicle.

A

GvpC

65
Q

These are spore structures that allow many microbes to survive unfavorable conditions.

A

Endospores

66
Q

These two are the only groups of bacteria (particularly, gram-positive) that can produce endospores.

A

Bacillales and Clostridiales

67
Q

The process of cellular differentitation that results in endospore formation.

A

Sporulation

68
Q

What triggers sporulation?

A

When some nutrients become limiting.

69
Q

A structure that assists in bacterial locomotion (swimming)

A

Flagella

70
Q

What are the three arrangements of flagellum?

A
  1. Petrichous
  2. Polar
  3. Lophotrichous
71
Q

[Flagellum structure] The main part of flagellum; composed of many copies of a protein called “flagellin”

A

Filament

72
Q

[Flagellum structure] A wider region at the base of the filament. It consists of a single type of protein and connects the filament to the flagellum motor in the basal body.

A

Hook

73
Q

[Flagellum structure] A reversible rotating machine composed of more than 25 proteins and anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane cell wall.

A

Flagellum motor

74
Q

Flagellum motor consists of?

A

-L-ring
-P-ring
-MS and C rings

75
Q
A

MICROBE: Microbiology (1 decks)

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