LONG Q Flashcards
(18 cards)
Name the 3 fundamentals of metabolism
- catabolism
- anabolism
- energy transfer
2nd law thermo
the total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any spontaneous process; it never decreases
1st law thermo (law of energy conservation)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
Describe the different environments, in which E. coli can live/survive
- human intestinal tract e.g gut - helps with digestion
- soil/water contaminated with faecal matter
- harsh/variable conditions - low-nutrient / cold / acidic e.g food
Name and draw 4 of the 5 transport mechanisms
- osmosis
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- bulk transport (endocytosis)
- active transport
What is the purpose of enzymes? Give two examples of enzyme classes, their general
function, and their typical reactions
- biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction
- HYDROLASES - amylase (starch - sugars)
AB+H₂O→A+B
catalyze the hydrolysis (breaking) of chemical bonds using water - LIGASES - DNA ligase (DNA strands during replication)
join two molecules together usually using ATP
A+B+ATP→A–B+ADP+Pi
Which of the following cell parts do only occur in eukaryotic cells? (1.5 points)
a. Cell wall
b. Cytoplasm
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus
e. Nucleoid
f. Lysosome
MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOME
NUCLEUS
Define redox reactions and their purpose
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species.
They are essential in cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and energy production
redox reaction and common carriers
A0 + B+ –> A+ + B0
A is oxidised
B is reduced
NAD⁺/NADH
NAD⁺ (OX)
NADH (RED)
Transfers electrons in glycolysis & TCA cycle
DEFINE METABOLISM
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
4 CELL STRUCTURES ONLY IN EUK
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
What is the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
cell wall thickness
+ - thick peptidogylcan layer (S.aureus) PURPLE STAIN
- - think peptidogylcan layer (E.coli) PINK STAIN
Name 4 properties of “enzymes”
- REUSABILITY
- SELECTIVITY
- CATALYTIC EFFECT
- SENSITIVITY TO CONDITIONS
Name 4 shapes of microbes
- COCCUS
- BACILLUS
- VIBRIO
- SPIRILLUM
EXERGONIC REACTION
Exergonic reactions are chemical reactions that release energy to the surroundings
ΔG<0
CATABOLIC REACTIONS EG CELL RESPIRATION
What is the purpose of the IMViC series of tests? Explain the underlying
biochemistry of each reaction and describe how each test is carried out.
- INDOLE
break down tryptophan to produce indole
+ RED
- NO CHANGE - METHYL RED
detect mixed acid fermentation of glucose
+ RED
- YELLOW - VOGES-PRASKAEUR
detect acetoin from glucose production
+ RED
- NO COLOUR - CITRATE
detect if can use citrate as sole carbon source
+ BLUE / GROWTH
- GREEN / NO GROWTH
ELEMENTS IN GRAM NEGATIVE NOT IN GRAM POSITIVE
Outer Membrane:
A unique lipid bilayer external to the peptidoglycan layer.
Contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are absent in gram-positive bacteria.
How many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced or used in glycolysis
ATP:
4 PROD 2 USED - 2 +
NADH:
2 PROD 0 USED - 2 +
FADH2 0
