long-term memory

Question 1

episodic memory

Answer 1

a long-term memory store - personal events

memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously with effort

time-stamped

Question 2

semantic memory

Answer 2

long-term memory store for our knowledge of the world

memories usually need to be recalled deliberately

not time-stamped

less vulnerable to distortion and forgetting than episodic

Question 3

procedural memory

Answer 3

long-term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things

we recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate effort

Question 4

who proposed types of ltm stores

Answer 4

tulving

Question 5

clinical evidence

Answer 5

P - strength is evidence from case study - HM and Clive Wearing
E - episodic memory in both men impaired due to brain damage but semantic unaffected and procedural memories intact
E - could walk, talk, clive could play piano and read music, HM couldnt recall stroking dog but knew what a dog is
L - evidence supports Tulving’s view that there are different memory stores in LTM - one store can be damaged but other stores are unaffected

P - studying brain injures - clinical studies are not perfect
E - major limitation - lack control of variables - brain injures experienced by participants were usually unexpected
E - research has no wear of controlling what happened to participant before or during injury - no knowledge of memory before
L - lack of control limits where clinical studies can tell us about different types of LTM

Question 6

conflicting neuroimaging evidence

Answer 6

P - limitation is there is conflicting research findings linking types of LTM to areas of brain
E - Buckner and Peterson - reviewed evidence of location of semantic and episodic memory - concluded semantic is left side of prefrontal cortex and episodic on right
E - however - other research links the left prefrontal cortex with encoding of episodic memory and right with episodic retrieval
L - challenges any neurophysiological evidence to support types of memory as there is poor agreement on where each type might be located

Question 7

real-world application

Answer 7

P - strength is understanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help people with memory problems
E - eg aging - research shown memory loss of episodic memory
E - Belleville et al - devised intervention to improve episodic memory - trained participants performed better on a test of episodic memory compared to control
L - shows that distinguishing between types of LTM enables specific treatments to be developed