Long term memory: Structure Flashcards
long term memory
archive of information about past events
more recent memories more detailed
double dissociation
functioning STM but cannot form new LTM
People with brain damage and impairment
Impaired long term memory because of damaged hippocampus and couldnt learn new things
hippocampus was removed on both sides due to epilepsy
no longer had seizure but long term memory
short term was fine
Clive Wearning and H.M
K.F
STM ok LTM impaired
STM impaired STM ok
free recall
recall in whatever order you want
primacy effect
remember first few words better
first words will be repeated more often
recency effect
last words better
words are still in STM so didn’t have time to fade yet
serial position curve
beginning shows output for LTM
Recency shows output of long term
Recency higher - last better than first
importance of rehearsal for LTM: Rundus
number of rehearsals should be related with primacy effect
present words visually every five seconds
asked to say words aloud
count number of time each word repeats
Rundus results
beginning there’s a good overlap probability related to repetition
second part of curve no relationship, no need to rehearse because in short term
single dissociation
two psychological processes A and B may rely on separate system if it is possible to devise experiment x that will influence process A without affecting process B
Murdock results
repeat more slowly have greater primacy effect
longer or shorter only changed in middle section
capacity should change due to length
neither does LT/primacy
present more slowly shape in the time
all condition have higher accuracy when slower presented
only changes primacy effect
interpretation
primacy/recency effect - very robust
effect on LTM but not on STM
one relies on rehearsal
independence of double dissociation
two psychological constructs A and B can be shown to be independent if it is possible to devise an experiment X that will influence construct y that will influence construct B without affecting construct A
Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 1 delay
adding a delay should reduce recency effect
if you keep busy and dont ask them to recall it fades
Standard: see all words on list
Delayed: see words, see digit, count, then recall
Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 1 delay result
red line - standard
recency is not great, delay prevents it
primary is fine but stay flat at end
Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 1 delay interpretation
asking them to count wipes short term memory
there was an interference, so they got forgotten
first items are still reported because in long term
primacy doesnt change
Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 2 spacing
manipulated presentation rate
enhance primacy while maintaining recency
Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 2 spacing results
1 word/ 6 sec is always more accurate then 1 word/3 seconds
recency not affected
Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 2 spacing interpretation
long term and short term are independent memory
slow - increase primacy
slow - decrease recency bias
types of LTM
explicit/declarative: conscious memory
implicit/non-declarative: unconscious memory
explicit/declarative: conscious
episodic
semantic
implicit/non-declarative: unconscious memory
procedural
priming - without conscious awareness
episodic
personal events/episodes
specific events - time
personal experience
acquired immediately
semantic
fact, knowledge
general facts
not tied to experience
acquired progressively
