longer questions Flashcards
how are headlands and bays formed
they occur on discordant coastlines as there are lines of alternating soft and hard rock along a coast. the soft rock is less resistant to erosion therefore it is eroded quicker by abrasion and hydraulic action forming a bay with a gentle slope. the hard rock is more resistant to erosion so it erodes slower meaning it juts out, forming a headland with steep sides
how are beaches formed
beaches are found on coasts between highs and low water marks. they are formed by constructive waves depositing sediment when energy is lost. they are made up of eroded material
how is a wave cut platform formed
formed by abrasion and hydraulic action at the foot of a cliff causing a wave cut notch. this is enlarged over time, causing the notch to be unstable and collapse. the collapsed material is washed away and a new wave cut notch starts to form. after repeated collapses, the cliff retreats, leaving a wave cut platform
plant adaptions in cold environments (with figure)
- yellow flower shown in figure are low growing and round shaped to provide protection from the wind
- plants may become dormant to survive winter
- some have shallow roots because of the layer of permafrost beneath
- leaves can be small to limit amount of water lost through transpiration
animal adaptations in cold environments (with figure)
- polar bear shown in figure have thick fur to reduce the amount of energy they have to use to keep warm.
- polar bears shown and other animals also have white fur to camouflage, helps predators sneak up on prey and helps prey to hide in the snow (artic foxes and hares)
- some hibernate in the colder months to conserve energy and survive winter and those that dont adapt to survive on limited food sources
- many birds migrate to warmer areas for winter
factors affecting hazard risk
- vulnerability
- capacity to cope
- natural hazards
primary and secondary effects of tropical storms
PRIMARY:
- crops, water supplies damaged
- electricity, gas, communication networks damaged
- cut off supplies
SECONDARY:
- trigger other hazards
- lack of clean water - disease to spread
- food shortages
- country’s economy weakened
- blocked roads - aid and emergency cant get through
VULNERABILITY as a factor affecting hazard risk
more people in an area, greater probability they will be affected, leading to greater primary effects like an increased death rate and more people being trapped in towns due to roads destroyed or blocked. as a secondary effect this means emergency services cant reach large amounts of people
CAPACITY TO COPE as a factor affecting hazard risk
the better a population can cope with an extreme event the lower the risk of them being severely affected. this reduces secondary effects like a weakened economy or supply shortages (food, gas electricity). HIC’s can cope better as shown by Typhoon Haiyan occurring in an LIC there were 14 million affected however this might’ve been lower if the location of the storm was different
NATURAL HAZARDS as a factor affecting hazard risk
the type of hazard affects risk as some are of a greater risk than others. the magnitude also affects risk as more severe hazards have greater effects. Like Typhoon Haiyan which was a category 5 storm destroyed 90% of the city of tacloban
economic opportunities in Alaska
energy
tourism
fishing
how does ENERGY in Alaska cause environmental costs
whilst the trans alaskan pipeline provides over half of alaska’s income the risk of oil leaks which could jeopardise biodiversity and destroy habitats is high, as well as it disturbing animal migration. this was managed by raising the pipeline so animals can pass underneath as well as helping conserve permafrost underneath
how does FISHING in Alaska cause environmental costs
Alaska’s fishing industry was worth $1.7b in 2016 however fishing on too big of a scale may decrease numbers in certain species, consequently disrupting the food web in the tundra ecosystem
how does TOURISM in Alaska cause environmental costs
2 mil tourists each year however it may bring more noise and air pollution due to more buses and cars being in use as well as extra litter to wilderness areas. this may also damage habitats
how is the environment managed in alaska
the 1964 wilderness act protects much of Alaska from development reducing conflict over land use in wilderness areas
