Low stakes test

Question 1

What is structuralism?

Answer 1

Breaking conscious thoughts down into their constituent parts

Question 2

define contiguous

Answer 2

learning that occurs due to the pairing of two objects in time & place

Question 3

who proposed empricism

Answer 3

john locke

Question 4

After Wundt, what were the two competing dominant approaches in the early 1900s?

Answer 4

beh and psycho

Question 5

Name two ways the behaviourist approach is different from the psychodynamic approach

Answer 5

Behaviourist
approach focuses on observable behaviour where the psychodynamic approach does not (the unconscious
mind that cannot be observed)

Question 6

Neutral stimulus w pavlov

Answer 6

The bell

Question 7

In what year did Skinner conduct his research?

Answer 7

1948/ 1953

Question 8

How is avoidance in negative reinforcement different from punishment?

Answer 8

NR increases the likelihood a
behaviours being repeated to avoid an unpleasant consequence whereas punishment decreases the
likelihood of a behaviour being repeated

Question 9

2 pps of beh

Answer 9

CBT/ SD/ aversion

Question 10

what beh reduce behaviour to

Answer 10

stimulus response links

Question 11

Name 5 key terms associated with SLT

Answer 11

Modelling, identification, imitation, mediational processes,
vicarious reinforcement

Question 12

Why do learning and performance not always go together? Suggest two reasons

Answer 12

Person may not be a
role model//can’t physically reproduce the behaviour//have little motivation, little reward//same situation
never arises again.

Question 13

reinforcement for slt

Answer 13

vicarious

Question 14

no of ppt in bandura

Answer 14

72

Question 15

condiion bandura

Answer 15

Three (Aggressive model, non-aggressive model, control)

Question 16

devine cog neuro

Answer 16

. Scientific study of neurological structures that are responsible for mental processes

Question 17

define inference

Answer 17

. Going beyond the immediate evidence to make assumptions about behaviour that
cannot be directly observed.

Question 18

Difference computational and theoretical models

Answer 18

: Theoretical models are diagrammatic representations
of the steps involved in internal mental processes whereas computational models software simulations of
internal mental processes that are created in collaboration with computer scientists

Question 19

reductionsim in cog

Answer 19

machine

Question 20

What prevents the cognitive approach from being strictly scientifi

Answer 20

: Inferences have to be made
behaviour – going beyond the immediate evidence (assumptions made)

Question 21

cog neuro emerged in

Answer 21

1960s

Question 22

Name 4 different biological explanations.

Answer 22

Neural, hormonal, genetic & evolutionary

Question 23

What is meant by ‘candidate genes’?

Answer 23

A candidate gene is a gene whose chromosomal location is
associated with a particular disorder

Question 24

. Name a limitation of using twin studies.

Answer 24

May incorrectly assume that MZ and DZ twins share a similar
environment when MZ twins may have more environmental similarities

Question 25

congruence (humanistic)

Answer 25

Congruence is the fit / match / comparability / consistency between the perceived self (how you see yourself) and the ideal self (the self you would like to be).

Question 26

counseling who?

Answer 26

carl rogers

Question 27

Counselling psychologists must adopt what approach:

Answer 27

Unconditional positive regard

Question 28

Why do counselling psychologists refer to people as clients not patients:

Answer 28

Rejection of a medical way of thinking and is replaced with a language of growth and change.

Question 29

Why is counselling seen as unscientific:

Answer 29

c: Does not have replicability as no two sessions are the same, it does not follow a standardised form

Question 30

How does free will relate to the humanistic approach

Answer 30

Free will is the idea that we can play an active role and have choice in how we behave. The assumption is that individuals are free to choose their behaviour and are self-determined. The humanistic approach states that we have control over our choices

Question 31

maslows hierachy of needs

Answer 31

physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 32

What is meant by ‘conditions of worth’?

Answer 32

When a parent places limits or boundaries on the love of their children.

Question 33

psychosexual

Answer 33

- Oral – sucking behaviour - The oral stage is characterized by the pleasure for the mouth e.g. biting, sucking nails (0-18 months) UC- biting nails/ smoking as adult - Anal – holding or discarding faeces -pleasure in anus UC- being narsistic/ reckless (18 months – 3 years) - Phallic – fixation on genitals/ sexual urge( Latency – repressed sexual urges- the child relating to the community by adopting values, developing social skills, and forming relationships with people outside the immediate family (6 years - 12) - Genital – awakened sexual urges (12 onwards)

Question 34

What phrase do you use when stating the description for each stage?

Answer 34

‘The focus of pleasure is _______’

Question 35

3 tripartes

Answer 35

Id – Pleasure principle. Ego – reality principle and Super ego – morality principle

Question 36

displacemtn

Answer 36

– Emotions are directed away from the source or target to a substitute object (or towards something else)

Question 37

age ego forms

Answer 37

3

Question 38

Which two approaches are the most reductionist?

Answer 38

bio and beh

Question 39

Name an approach that advocates for soft determinism

Answer 39

SLT

Question 40

Similarity between humanistic and psychodynamic approach

Answer 40

PPA

Question 41

. Difference between biological and humanistic approach:

Answer 41

biological determinism vs free will

Question 42

hard determinism approaches

Answer 42

bio and beh