Low vision Flashcards

Question

What is blepharitis?

Answer 1

Ulceration of edges of eye Usually due to a clogging of sweat or oil glands Can be treated with topical medications, surgery, or hot compresses

Answer 2

Progressive diseases that lead to chronic loss of sight and limit daily function. - Effects many elderly, as this population increases so does this disorder

Answer 3

Macular degeneration Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 4

Visual Function Questionnaire It measures the influence of visual disability and symptoms on generic health domains such as emotional well-being and social functioning, in addition to task-oriented domains related to daily visual functioning.

Answer 5

Shades of gray Light to dark ratio

Answer 6

Ability to tolerate different degrees of light

Answer 7

Figure ground Visual closure

Answer 8

Insurance doesn't cover low vision services as primary diagnosis. Must put acuity level. If 20/60 or better insurance won't cover it

Answer 9

Feinbloom Distance Test Chart

Answer 10

Minnesota Low Vision Reading test - Also called the MN reading card - Black and white - Pt needs to be in good light and reading at 90º angle - Looks at how quickly they can read at different levels

Answer 11

Manually test - Periphery testing Dyna vision

Answer 12

Usually completed by optometrist or ophthalmologist Amsler Grid or Tangent Screen test

Answer 13

Current lighting Usually cause it’s easier Possible positions for additional lighting Organization systems Current low vision devices Ergonomics of task performance Emergency response and danger Inside and away from home

Answer 14

Education Use of Devices - Optical * Typically enlarge, DOES NOT CLARIFY or remove blind spots or distortions - Non-optical * Timers * Voice operated devices Lighting Strategies - Bright vs direct - Portable - Overhead or directed - Handle Glare * Sunglass, visors Contrast strategies

Answer 15

Teach scanning techniques Increased lighting Increased contrast Functional Mobility

Answer 16

Increased lighting Eccentric viewing skills Increased contrast Magnifiers

Answer 17

Increased lighting Increased contrast Magnification

Answer 18

Large Print - 16-18 pt is recommended Font - Avoid decorative - Bold - Avoid italics and capital letters Ue Color - Headings - Dark Blues and Greens Contrast - Light on Dark Paper Quality - Avoid glossy finish Spacing - 1.5 to double over single spaced Tracking - Close letters are more difficult Margins - At least 1-1.5 inches is preferred - Easier to set up with a magnifier

Answer 19

High Contrast Guides - Sighted Guide p. 161 - Animal - Cane

Answer 20

97003: Evaluation 97530: Therapeutic Activities (scanning, Eccentric training) 97532: Development of Cognitive skills (new compensatory skills) 97535: ADLS and Self Care 97537: Community/Work Integration

Answer 21

Acuity, visual fields, and oculomotor function

Answer 22

Registration of visual input –> pattern recognition –> visual memory –> visual cognition

Answer 23

light is transmitted here to focus

Answer 24

outer covering of the eye shape is vital for focus

Answer 25

Fluid in the eye behind the cornea Maintains the shape of the eye

Answer 26

Colored part of the eye Works with the pupil (hole) to determine how much light comes in

Answer 27

Focus for near and far vision

Answer 28

Color and visual acuity

Answer 29

Night and peripheral vision

Answer 30

Control dilation and contraction

Answer 31

Optic nerve Muscles of eye movement

Answer 32

Sclera –> choroid –> retina

Answer 33

Point of preferred or clearest vision

Answer 34

The process of integrating vision with other sensory input for survival and adaptation

Answer 35

Decreased acuity Difficulty seeing at night Foggy appearance

Answer 36

Increase pressure Poor night vision Loss of peripheral vision

Answer 37

Loss of color Loss of contrast Poor night vision #1 cause of blindness in the US Preventable

Answer 38

Decreased acuity Loss of central vision

Answer 39

far sighted, can’t see up close

Answer 40

loss of lens accommodation (around 40); usually starts as myopia and develops into hyperopia

Answer 41

near sighted, can’t see far off

Answer 42

Wandering eye, lazy eye

Answer 43

Controlled strabismus

Answer 44

Occurs with premature babies that were on high levels of oxygen

Answer 45

Abnormal response and can interfere with reception Lack of nystagmus is abnormal

Answer 46

Blindness that occurs in the brain

Answer 47

Droopy eye

Answer 48

Typically think about 20/20 (ft vs letter size) Most charts go to 20/200 - Low Vision starts at 20/70 – not fixable - Legally Blind 20/200 - Low vision can run 20/1000 - Special charts are needed - Best if assessed in low and high contrast acuity

Answer 49

Combination of remediation, compensation, and adaptation Can’t fix blindness - redirect visual field - increase speed, width of sweep and organization Occlusion Prisms Eye exercises - Think eye “ROM” - Practice in various directions - Focus Practice on location and fixation Scanning Tracking Reading speed, endurance

Answer 50

Increase width of head or eye movement toward effected area Increase the automatic movement to the blind side Increase speed with location of items Execution of search patterns Attention to and detection of items on effected side Ability to shift and search

Answer 51

Help a person identify items used every day that need to stand out: - Bright colors - Specific spot/contrast colors - Counting to stairs or rough mark at bottom or top General Safety - Increase lighting (illumination) -direct vs diffuse * Pink, white, and blue lights are kinder to the eye * Position of light - Remove rugs or other hazards Reduce Clutter - Safety issue - Makes things easier to find - Contrast color on counter tops Educate a person on how to use other senses Recommend and train in adaptive equipment - Low or high tech Enlarge items - Blowing it up is not always the answer - Enlarging doesn’t always help for: visual field or oculomotor deficits Addressing Visual Fields (VFD)-Perimetry - Common after CVA - Hemianopsia

Answer 52

If on the same side as the dominate hand, they may not be able to track or use adaption of the UE Miss parts of reading or omitting letters or small words

Answer 53

As simple as the Confrontation Test As expensive as (SLO) Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope ($1200.00) In between: Goldmann DynaVision 2000

Answer 54

the total process of receiving and understanding visual stimuli

Answer 55

Visual reception - Extracting and organizing information from the environment - For example, straight vision says: blue shirt, man, brown hair * Visual reception tells you that he is a man (organizing), he is out of the ordinary Visual cognition - The ability to organize, structure and interpret visual stimuli - The ability to understand what is seen

Answer 56

A mature visual system is needed for visual perception to work. You cannot have normal visual perception without vision. - blind individuals still have perception, but not visual perception Integrates all components of a mature system - Ability to respond and adjust to retinal stimuli - Move head and eyes to collect data - Interpret visual information - Respond with appropriate motor response

Answer 57

Ability to respond and adjust to retinal stimuli (physical, visual reception) Move head and eyes to collect data (physical, visual reception) Interpret visual information (cognitive, visual cognition) Respond with appropriate motor response (cognitive, visual cognition)

Answer 58

“Eyeball” Memories, knowledge, experience - give meaning to what you saw

Answer 59

Take what you saw and use it physically, socially, cognitively, emotionally

Answer 60

First 2 are a hierarchy: 1. Fixation: ability to gaze at a fixed object, stare at a spot on the board - prerequisite for pursuit and saccadic ability 2. Pursuit or tracking: the ability to follow a moving object - a ball rolling along the floor, a cat walking along the sidewalk 3. Saccadic or scanning: the ability to move from one visual field to another rapidly - the ability to “scan” the crowd for your date or to “scan” shelf for a book 4. Acuity: 20/20, how well a person can see at 20 feet 5. Accommodation: the ability to focus on an object, to make a blurry far object clear - from blurry to clear , just a few seconds 6. Binocular vision: the vision of two eyes into one picture 7. Stereopsis: 3D 8. Convergence and divergence: ability to move the eye in and out

Answer 61

Usually well developed by age 9 There are 4 components of visual cognition, with subcomponents 1. Visual Attention 2. Visual Memory 3. Visual discrimination 4. Visual imagery or visualization

Answer 62

Their eyes check out and are fine, we have a problem with visual cognition Two levels: visual and cognitive Visual attention - alertness - selective attention - shared attention - visual vigilance Can be under or over or unable to sustain Kids who can’t differentiate between features of different objects and therefore do not know were to focus - Descriptive games

Answer 63

Recognition Retrieval - difficulty or extended time - can’t remember details * visual sequential memory - can’t remember things in order, starts simple - ABC - what about brachial plexus?? * visual spatial memory - the location of things in space, where do I sit, starts simple; think about brachial plexus, which nerve is deeper??

Answer 64

Ability to recognize, match, and categorize - typically, we go from top to bottom and left to right, kids with discrimination issues are hit and miss - trouble with similar letters, words, or numbers, handwriting, word searches Object or form vision - form constancy, visual closure, figure ground - miss important aspects, don’t like things in different situations Spatial vision - often called “dyslexic”, reversal of letters and words - this shows up physically too * difficulty with R and L, up and down * clumsy

Answer 65

oculomotor control, visual fields, visual acuity –> attention, alert, and attending –> scanning –> pattern recognition –> visual memory –> visual perception –> adaptation through vision

Answer 66

Visual - receptive development In utero Birth - Reflexive fixation and tracking - Nystagmus 8 Weeks - occulomotor control begins - Tracking develops- complete by age 5yrs * Cardinal planes of movement * Head movement indicates a lack or incomplete development Peak of occulomotor control is 18 yrs Vision is the primary way an infant collects information - Long before they can manipulate an object they can perceive it, recognize a pattern, have form constancy, and depth perception. To start, they learn to identify objects based on general appearance and later learn to see specific details - 18 month old: dog - 4 year old: granny’s dog, - 7 year old: that’s a poodle Visual cognitive skills are vital for developing print awareness - knowledge of letters and words and that they have meaning

Answer 67

Visual Perception develops differently in different children: environment, opportunity, natural ability, and cognition Typically developed by 9-10 years - Figure ground-and form constancy: 6-7 yr - Spatial relationships:10yrs What can they draw? - Verticals: 2 - Horizontals: 3-4 (people get arms) - Laterality: 6-7 yrs * Understand or recognize reversals- should stop mixing up b and d * circles, the letter C - Directionality: 8-9 yrs

Answer 68

General to specific - Dog - Brown dog - Big brown dog - Big brown short haired dog, lab Whole to part - Doll - Doll’s dress Concrete to abstract - “There is a crack in everything, that is how the light gets in” Familiar to novel

Answer 69

Highly reliant on vision to get body to work in early stages Kids with out vision must rely on tactile, vestibular, and proprioception, opportunity may be limited Linked to hand function - Babies stare at hands and objects Ambulation and mobility - Can’t discriminate differences in flooring, may fall

Answer 70

Emotional attachment with caregiver Facial expressions Social cues

Answer 71

the inability to name an object known to the individual through visual means but able to by feel - Right occipital lobe damage

Answer 72

inability to remember what color things should be (grass)

Answer 73

inability to name a color

Answer 74

inability to distinguish the size or weight of an object, often distorting the size

Answer 75

inability to ID familiar faces - lesion to R posterior hemisphere

Answer 76

Reception first: - Rule out any of those medical issues - Snelling only catches about 5% of these problems - Look at control of vision and eyes, color testing, contrast Vision/Cognition - Lots of standard tests - Clinical observations * Sorting, selecting, retrieving, recognition, planning

Answer 77

Developmental (rehabilitative) or Compensatory or BOTH! - Developmental * Start at bottom level and grade up - Compensatory * Limit amount of material in session * Keep it simple * Use movement-track with finger Determine learning style - often based on perceptual strengths - Then use it!

Answer 78

Infants - Facilitate visual perception * Dim lights to encourage eye opening * Faces * Mobiles off to the side > Textures and patterns- simple first - Bright colors Preschool - Multi sensory approach * Tactile- feel it, say it, make it, eat it * Simon says * Play dough * Sand and paint drawing * Guess the letter * Graphesthesia: can’t distinguish a letter traced in your hand Elementary School - Learning style! - De busy the room - Stable posture - Color coded worksheets - Block outs * Rule, card or finger - Landmarks - General sensory stim, increase or decrease as needed - Hands to help the eyes * Size, weight, texture, direction Elementary/Middle School Continued - Reduce competing sensor input * Earphones, study centers or stations - Where’s Waldo - Comfort seating - Repetitions - Daily lists with check off or stickers - Chunking- dividing work into small chunks, divide up a worksheet - Concentration games - Scanning instruction - Maintenance rehearsal- repeating information until it is needed- doesn’t seem to make it to long term memory - Elaborative rehearsal- link to other info, mnemonics, stories, physical - Physically touch the words or numbers - Grab bags, fantasy games, open ended sentences

Answer 79

The selection of the appropriate input - alertness - elective attention - visual vigilance - divided, or shared attention

Answer 80

iconic or sensory memory few seconds short term 30 secs in order to complete a task > color of Christmas ribbon long term describe your pet working memory includes short term and and long term short term represents storage, long term represents storage and retrieval with manipulation of the memory

Answer 81

recognition matching categorizing ~ Object or form perceptions vs spatial perception form constancy Build a Bear visual closure figure ground ~ Spatial perception proprioception: position in space depth perception topographical orientation way finding - cognitive map to find your way, what you will find along the way

Answer 82

picture the bottle when the timer goes off next-words while reading (sight words)-what does growl sound like? foundation for reading comprehension

Low vision Flashcards

(111 cards)