Low-weighted topics Flashcards
(20 cards)
Most common form of glaucoma
Open-angle glaucoma: restricted drainage of aqueuos humour through trabecular meshwork leading to ocular hypertension
Treatment of glaucoma
- Prostaglandin analogues - latanoprost, bimatoprost, tafluprosyt, travoprost
- Try a different one
- Topical beta-blocker - timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol
- Carbonic anyhdrase inhibitor - brinzolamide, dorzolamide
- Brimonide or pilocarpine
Side effects of prostaglandin analogues
- Dry eyes
- Ocular discomfort
- Change to eye colour
- Hyperpigmentation of the peri-ocular skin
- Darkening, thickening, and lengthening of eyelashes
Treatment of nasal staphylococci
Naseptin (older formulation contains Arachis oil (peanut oil))
or Mupirocin
Treatment of nasal polyps
Requires review by ENT specialist. Usually treated with nasal corticosteroids.
=
Headlice treatment options
- Wet comb for 30 mins every 4 days till no lice found for 3 sessions (min 3 weeks)
- Dimeticone - apply for 8h to dry naturally and repeat after 7 days
- Malathion - apply for 12h to dry naturally and repeat after 7 days. Contains alcohol - flammable and AVOID in severe eczema or asthma as can cause reaction.
Treatment of eczema
- Emollients - apply or use in bath/shower. AVOID aqueous creams due to risk of skin reactions.
- Topical corticosteroids (ensure mild used for face and genitals if rxed - not to be given OTC)
- Antihistamines (not in atopic dermatitis)
- Pimecrolimus (mild-mod) or Tacrolimus (mod-severe)
In severe refractory eczema: ciclosporin, azathioprine, mycophenilate mofetil, MAbs.
Symptoms of psoriasis
Skin thickening
Silvery scales
Raised, large patches/plaques
Systemic, immune-mediated skin disease so can cause joint pain (psoriatic arthritis)
Treatment of psoriasis
- Emollients
- Topical corticosteroids
- Coal tar preparations
- Vitamin D topical or oral
If others failed:
* UVA/UBV ohototherapy
* Systemic: Ciclosporin or methotrexate
* 2nd line systemic: Acitretin
Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis
(Dandruff)
1. Pyrithione zinc, Selenium or Tar extracts
2. Ketoconazole shampoo
3. Caused by psoriasis: Coal tar + salicylic acid
Treatment of alopecia
Finasteride or minoxidil
Treatment of hirsutism
Facial hair in women - caused by hormones or drugs e.g., phenytoin
* Weight loss
* Laser therapy, eflornithine, co-cyprindiol
When should live vaccines be avoided?
Pregnancy
Immunosuppressed patients e.g., HIV, chemo
Types of vaccines and example
- Live attenuated: MMR
- Inactivated: meninogococcal
- Inactivated toxins: tetanus, diphtheria
- Viral vectors: COVID-19 (AstraZeneca)
- Nucleic acid: COVID-10 (Pfizer, Moderna)
Intervals between vaccines
- Different inactivated vaccines - whenever
- Same inactivated vaccine - 4 weeks
- MMR & Varicella Zoster - 4 weeks UNLESS given on same day.
- MMR & Yellow fever - 4 weeks. DO NOT give on same day.
Childhood vaccine schedule
- 8 weeks: 6-in-1, Men B, Rotavirus
- 12 weeks: 6-in-1, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus
- 16 weeks: 6-in-1, Men B
- 1 year: MMR, Men B, Pneumoccal, Haemophilius influenzae B + meningococcal C
- 3 years 4 months: MMR, Tetanus, Diptheria, Pertussis, Polio
- 11-14: HPV (2 doses within 6-24 months)
- 13-15: Men A & C
- 13-18: Poliomyelitis, Tetanus, Diphtheria
1: Most Men Barely Knew ABCs
3y4: Most Toddlers Don’t Prefer Polos
13-15: Men & As–> Cs
13-18: PTsD
What is included in the 6-in-1 vaccine?
Polio
Tetanus
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Haemophilius Influenza
Hep B
Diphtheria
Parenteral That Prevents Horrible Infections Hastening Diseases
Which local anaesthetic has longer duration of action?
Lidocaine (shorter)
Bupivacaine (longer)
Which anaesthesia meds are given IV and what are their effects?
- Etomidate - rapid recovery and no hangover
- Propofol - rapid recovery and small hangover
- Thiopental - rapid onset but fat soluble so long hangover effect
- Ketamine - less hypotension but slow recovery and high psychoactive side effects
Which anaesthesia meds are inhaled?
- Volatile liquids - isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane
- Nitrous oxide
