Lower Extremity Imaging

Question 1

Mature bone cells.

Answer 1

Osteocytes

Question 2

Secrete osteoid or the organic component of bone. Builds new bone.

Answer 2

Osteoblasts

Question 3

Secrete acids to remove bony matrix

Answer 3

Osteoclasts

Question 4

Type of bone that is more capable of resisting stress

Answer 4

Spongy Bone

Question 5

Where do most bone metastases begin?

Answer 5

Red Marrow
- then progress outward

Question 6

Hollow tube that consist of compact bone.

Answer 6

Diaphysis

Question 7

Ends of the bone.

Answer 7

Epiphyses

Question 8

What is contained in the Epiphyses?

Answer 8

Yellow Marrow
(Inactive)

Question 9

Site that eventually separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis and is the site of new bone growth.

Answer 9

Epiphyseal Plate

Question 10

What are the ABCS of looking at Bones on X-Ray?

Answer 10

Adequacy and Alignment
Bones
Cartilage
Soft Tissue

Question 11

How many views should be present to have Adequacy when looking at X-Rays?

Answer 11

3 Views
(must have at least 2)

Question 12

An injury in the foot that occurs under axial load. Dorsal dislocation of the second metatarsal.

Answer 12

Lisfranc Injury

Question 13

Fractures that are not visible on imaging.

Answer 13

Occult Fracture

Question 14

What are the classic examples of Occult Fractures

Answer 14

Distal Radius Fracture
Neck of Femur Fracture
Radial Head Fracture
Scaphoid Fracture
Supracondylar Fracture

Question 15

Fracture of the radial head may show what sign on a X-Ray?

Answer 15

Sail Sign

Question 16

What are the 4 anatomical classes of bone?

Answer 16

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

Question 17

What type of fracture is seen exclusively in children?

Answer 17

Greenstick Fracture

Question 18

A simple, non-complicated fracture with no skin wounds at or near the fracture site.

Answer 18

Closed Fracture

Question 19

A complicated fracture with a skin wound a possible protrusion of bony fragment.

Answer 19

Open Fracture

Question 20

A fracture that runs horizontally. Also known as a complete fracture.

Answer 20

Transverse Fracture

Question 21

What is an example of a bone that commonly experiences transverse fractures?

Answer 21

Tibia

Question 22

Occurs when the ends of the broken bone are no longer aligned.

Answer 22

Displaced Fracture

Question 23

Term used to describe medial angulation.

Answer 23

Varus

Question 24

Term used to describe lateral angulation.

Answer 24

Valgus

Question 25

Proximal migration of the distal fracture component results in decreased overall bone fracture.

Answer 25

Shortening Fracture

Question 26

Is a an oblique or transverse fracture more likely to have shortening?

Answer 26

Oblique

Question 27

Fracture where the bone is crushed. Almost always vertebral.

Answer 27

Compression Fracture

Question 28

Fractures that occur when one end of an extremity is fixed but the rest of the extremity remains in motion.

Answer 28

Spiral Fracture

Question 29

Accidental Spiral Fractures of the Tibia are common in preschool children who fall short distances onto an extended leg and often called what?

Answer 29

Toddler's Fractures

Question 30

Areas of cartilage located near the ends of bone. They are the last portion of a child's bones to harden (ossify) and are particularly vulnerable to fracture.

Answer 30

Growth Plates

Question 31

What percentage of all childhood fractures are growth plate fractures?

Answer 31

15-30%

Question 32

What types of bone are growth plates found in?

Answer 32

Long Bones

Question 33

How many growth plates are located in long bones?

Answer 33

2

Question 34

Fractures that break through the bone at the growth plate, separating the bone end from the bone shaft and completely disrupting the growth plate.

Answer 34

Salter-Harris Type I

Question 35

Fractures that break through part of the bone at the growth plate and crack through the bone shaft as well. This is the most common type of growth plate fracture.

Answer 35

Salter-Harris Type II

Question 36

Fractures that cross through a portion of the growth plate and break off a piece of the bone end. This type of fracture is more common in older children.

Answer 36

Salter-Harris Type III

Question 37

Fractures that break through the bone shaft, the growth plate, and the end of the bone.

Answer 37

Salter-Harris Type IV

Question 38

Fracture that occur due to a crushing injury to the growth plate from a compression force. Rare type of fracture.

Answer 38

Salter-Harris Type V

Question 39

Fracture that results in more than 2 separate fragments.

Answer 39

Comminuted Fracture

Question 40

Comminuted fracture from 2 oblique fracture that form a specific shape.

Answer 40

Butterfly Fracture

Question 41

Type of Comminuted Fracture where segments of the bone have separated from both the proximal and distal portion of the tibial and fibular shafts.

Answer 41

Segmental Fracture (Tibia and Fibula)

Question 42

A fracture that is usually seen in young children and are an incomplete break.

Answer 42

Greenstick Fracture

Question 43

A fracture of the lower end of the Fibula and medial malleolus of the Tibia. Often occurs in association with a rolled ankle.

Answer 43

Pott's Fracture

Question 44

A fracture where a distal fragment of the radius overrides the rest of the bone. Most commonly results from a fall on an outstretched dorsiflexed hand. Characteristic "Dinner Fork" deformity.

Answer 44

Colles' Fracture

Question 45

Fracture where the distal radial fragment is tested into a posterior angulated and be displaced ventrally. Also known as a Reverse Colles'. Occurs due to a direct blow to the dorsal forearm or falling onto flexed wrists.

Answer 45

Smith's Fracture

Question 46

When looking at imaging of an elbow, what is never considered to be normal?

Answer 46

Posterior Fat Pad

Question 47

Order of Ossification of the Elbow Joint (CRITOE)

Answer 47

Capitellum Radial Head Internal or Medial Epicondyle Trochlea Olecranon External or Lateral Epicondyle

Question 48

What are the two specific markers of alignment when looking at elbow imaging?

Answer 48

Anterior Humeral Line Radiocapitellar Line

Question 49

If a line drawn along the front of the humerus does not intersect the middle or anterior third of the capitellum, what should you suspect?

Answer 49

Supracondylar Fracture

Question 50

If a line drown through the middle of the radius does not pass through the middle of the capitellum, what should you suspect?

Answer 50

Radial Head Dislocation

Question 51

What are the two most common causes of elbow joint effusion? (Fat Pads)

Answer 51

Radial Head Fracture Radial Neck Fracture

Question 52

An elevated anterior fat pad is called what?

Answer 52

Sail Sign

Question 53

What is the most common cause of Elbow Joint Effusion in kids?

Answer 53

Supracondylar Fracture

Question 54

What is the most commonly fractured metatarsal?

Answer 54

5th Metatarsal

Question 55

What is a fracture of the 5th metatarsal called?

Answer 55

Jones Fracture

Question 56

Type of bimalleolar ankle fracture

Answer 56

Dupuytren Fracture

Question 57

Type of imaging that applies a varying magnetic field to the body and aligns atoms. Used to look at soft tissue.

Answer 57

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Question 58

What may be used as an IV agent during an MRI?

Answer 58

Gadolinium

Question 59

In this type of MRI, fat appears white or bright and water or CSF is dark.

Answer 59

T1 MRI

Question 60

In this type of MRI, fat is dark and blood, edema, and CSF appear white.

Answer 60

T2 MRI

Question 61

What are two advantages of MRI

Answer 61

Exquisite views of CNS and stationary soft tissues No use of ionizing radiation