Lower limb

Question 1

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

Answer 1

1) Pectineus (medial)
2) Iliopsoas (lateral)
3) Adductor longus

Question 2

What forms the roof of the femoral triangle?

Answer 2

Fascia Lata

Question 3

What other fascial layers are continuous with the fascia lata layer?

Answer 3

1) Scarpa’s fascia
2) Colle’s Fascia of the perineum
3) Dartos of penis & scrotum

Question 4

What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 4

Medial border of sartorius

Question 5

What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 5

Medial border of adductor longus

Question 6

What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 6

Inguinal ligament

Question 7

What forms the contents of femoral sheath?

Answer 7

Lateral compartment

1) Femoral artery
2) Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve

Middle compartment
1) Femoral vein

Medial compartment

1) Femoral canal - Deep inguinal node of Cloquet, loose connective tissue & lymphatics
2) Lymphatics - draining deep inguinal nodes

Question 8

What are the borders of the adductor canal?

Answer 8

Anteromedial - Sartorius
Lateral - Vastus medialis
Posterior - Adductor Longus & Magnus

Question 9

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

Answer 9

1) Femoral artery
2) Femoral vein
3) Femoral nerve - nerve to vastus medius & saphenous nerve

Question 10

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 10

Superomedial border - semimembranosus
Superolateral border - biceps femoris
Inferomedial border - medial head of gastrocnemius
Inferolateral border - lat head of gastrocnemius & plantaris

Question 11

What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 11

1) Popliteal fascia - continuous with fascia lata

2) Skin

Question 12

What forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 12

1) Posterior surface of the knee joint capsule
2) Popliteus muscle
3) Posterior femur

Question 13

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa (med to lat)?

Answer 13

MEDIAL
1) Popliteal artery
2) Popliteal vein
3) Tibial nerve
4) Common peroneal (fibular) nerve
LATERAL

Question 14

Within the popliteal fossa, what is the order in which the structures go from superficial to deep?

Answer 14

MOST SUPERFICIAL
1) Tibial & common peroneal nerves
2) Popliteal vein
3) Popliteal artery
MOST DEEP

Question 15

A baker’s cyst is the swelling & inflammation of which bursa?

Answer 15

Semimembranosus bursa

Question 16

What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve?

Answer 16

L2-L4

Question 17

What are the attachments of the psoas muscle?

Answer 17

Attaches on anterolateral surfaces of vertebral bodies T12-L5
Joins with Iliacus
Inserts onto lesser trochanter

Question 18

In which muscle is the obturator nerve formed within?

Answer 18

Psoas muscle

Question 19

From which side of the psoas muscle does the obturator nerve emerge from?

Answer 19

Medial side of the muscle and on the ala of the sacrum to pass posterior to the common iliac vessels

Question 20

Which muscle does the obturator nerve pass over after it passes over the pelvic brim at the lateral pelvic wall?

Answer 20

Upper fibres of the obturator internus

Question 21

Through which foramen does the obturator nerve pass through?

Answer 21

Obturator foramen

Question 22

Over which muscle does the obturator nerve split into its anterior and posterior divisions?

Answer 22

Adductor brevis

Question 23

Which muscle is responsible for “unlocking” the knee?

Answer 23

Popliteus

Question 24

Which nerve innervates the popliteus muscle?

Answer 24

Tibial nerve

Question 25

Where does the femoral artery start?

Answer 25

Posterior to the mid-inguinal point and is a continuation of the external iliac artery

Question 26

What are the origins of the quadriceps muscle?

Answer 26

Rectus femoris: 1) Anterior inferior iliac spin 2) Supraacetabular groove Vastus medialis: 1) Intertrochanteric line 2) Pectineal line of femur 3) Linea aspera 4) Medial supracondylar line of femur Vastus lateralis: 1) Intertrochanteric line 2) Greater trochanter 3) Gluteal tuberosity 4) Linea aspera of femur Vastus intermedius: 1) Anterior surface of femoral shaft

Question 27

What are the insertions of the quadriceps muscle?

Answer 27

Tibial tuberosity & patella as well as ... Vastus lateralis: Lateral condyle of tibia Vastus medialis: Medial condyle of tibia

Question 28

Which zone of the meniscus has vascular supply?

Answer 28

Only peripheral zone! | If there is damage to the white zone - there will be no healing: indication for meniscectomy

Question 29

In open chained movements of the leg (when the foot is not on the ground), what does the action of the popliteus muscle?

Answer 29

medially rotates the tibia on femur

Question 30

In which compartment does the peroneal artery travel? Which compartment does the peroneal artery supply?

Answer 30

Runs in the deep posterior compartment of the leg and provides aterial supply via perforating branches to the lateral compartment

Question 31

Which muscles are located in the lateral compartment?

Answer 31

1) Peroneus longus | 2) Peroneus brevis

Question 32

What is the arterial supply to the gastrocnemius & soleus muscles?

Answer 32

Posterior tibial artery

Question 33

Which muscles aid in eversion of foot?

Answer 33

Peroneus longus, brevis, tertius

Question 34

Which muscles aid in dorsiflexion / extension of foot?

Answer 34

All extensors

Question 35

Which muscles aid in inversion of foot?

Answer 35

Tibialis anterior (supplied by common peroneal nerve) & Tibialis posterior (supplied by tibial nerve)

Question 36

At which joint does eversion/inversion occur in the foot?

Answer 36

Subtalar joint

Question 37

In sciatic nerve damage, which is the only nerve not affected in the leg?

Answer 37

Saphenous nerve - cutaneous of medial leg from femoral nerve

Question 38

What are the arches of the foot?

Answer 38

1) Medial longitudinal arch 2) Lateral longitudinal arch 3) Transverse arch

Question 39

Which ligament provides the main support fo the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Answer 39

Spring ligament

Question 40

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 40

1) Tibialis anterior 2) Extensor digitorum longus 3) Peroneus tertius 4) Extensor hallucis longus

Question 41

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 41

1) Peroneus longus | 2) Peroneus brevis

Question 42

What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 42

1) Gastrocnemius | 2) Soleus

Question 43

What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 43

1) Flexor digitorum longus 2) Flexor hallucis longus 3) Tibialis posterior

Question 44

What nerve roots are being tested in ankle tendon reflex?

Answer 44

S1 & S2

Question 45

What nerve roots are being tested in knee tendon reflex?

Answer 45

L3 & L4

Question 46

Extension/Dorsiflexion of big toe is testing which nerve root?

Answer 46

L5

Question 47

Which nerve is closely associated with the short saphenous vein?

Answer 47

Sural nerve

Question 48

Which nerve is closely associated with the long saphenous vein?

Answer 48

Saphenous nerve

Question 49

What are the external/lateral rotators of the hip?

Answer 49

``` Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Obturator externus Quadratus femoris ```

Question 50

What are the attachments of the biceps femoris?

Answer 50

Origin - Ischial tuberosity | Insertion - Fibular head

Question 51

What is the innervation of the biceps femoris?

Answer 51

Short head - common peroneal part of sciatic | Long head - tibial part of sciatic