Lower Limb Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
the “hip” is the area between the ______ ________ and the iliac crest
A
greater trochanter
2
Q
the “thigh” is the area between the greater trochanter and the ________
A
knee
3
Q
the “leg” is the segment of the inferior limb between the knee and the ________
A
ankle
4
Q
in the foot, we have ____ bones in a total of 3 sections `
A
26
5
Q
____ tarsal bones, ____ metatarsal bones and ____ phalanges
A
7
5
14
6
Q
the _______ surface is the top of the foot
A
dorsal
7
Q
the _______ surface is the sole of the foot
A
plantar
8
Q
the _______ is the most proximal bone of the foot
A
talus
9
Q
the top of the talus is called the ________
A
trochlea
10
Q
the medial aspect of the talus is the facet for the ________ _________
A
medial malleolus
11
Q
the lateral aspect of the talus is the facet for the ________ __________
A
lateral malleolus
12
Q
T/F the dome of the talus is slightly convex from anterior to posterior
A
true
13
Q
the body of the talus is the ________ portion of the bone
A
posterior
14
Q
the head of the talus is the most ________ portion
A
anterior
15
Q
the neck of the talus is the narrowing between the ________ and _______
A
body and head
16
Q
the __________ is the largest and strongest bone in the foot
A
calcaneus
17
Q
the __________ of the calcaneus contacts the ground
A
tuberosity
18
Q
a small tubercle anterior and inferior to the tip of the lateral malleolus is called the _______ _______
A
fibular trochlea
19
Q
a medially projecting “shelf” of the calcaneus that supports the talus is called the __________ __________
A
sustentaculum tali
20
Q
a hollow on the lateral aspect of the foot formed by the groove of the talus and the groove of the calcaneus is known as the _______ ______
A
sinus tarsi
21
Q
the __________ is on the medial aspect of the foot, articulating posteriorly with the talus and anteriorly with the 3 cuneiforms
A
navicular
22
Q
the _________ are 3 wedge shaped bones that articulate with the numerically corresponding metatarsals
A
cuneiforms
23
Q
the __________ is located on the lateral aspect of the foot - articulating anteriorly with the 4th and 5th metatarsals and posteriorly with the calcaneus
A
cuboid
24
Q
the _________ range from numbers 1-5, consisting of a base, shaft and head
A
metatarsals
25
the tuberosity of the 5th, is aka the _______ process - located on the lateral side of the base
styloid
26
the 1st MT has 2 __________ bones
sesamoid
27
a sesamoid bone is a _____ embedded in a ___________
bone embedded in a tendon
28
there are ____ phalanges with 3 bones per toe except the ______ one which has only two
14
first
29
the __________ refers to the talus and calcaneus
hindfoot
30
the ________ refers to the navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
midfoot
31
the __________ refers to the 5 MTs and 14 phalanges
forefoot
32
the padded portion of the sole of the foot at the MT heads is the ______ of the foot
ball
33
____________ is when the dorsal surface of the foot moves superiorly through the sagittal plane around the ML axis
dorsiflexion
34
____________ is when the plantar surface of the foot moves inferiorly through the sagittal plane around the ML axis
plantar flexion
35
___________is the movement of the foot towards the mid-sagittal plane
inversion
36
____________ is the movement of the foot away from the mid-sagittal plane
eversion
37
T/F inversion and eversion occur in the frontal plane around the AP axis
true
38
__________ of the forefoot occurs when the forefoot moves away from the body
abduction
39
__________ of the forefoot occurs when the forefoot moves towards the body
adduction
40
T/F adduction and abduction at the foot happen in the transverse plane around the vertical axis
true
41
___________ is a combination movement of dorsiflexion, eversion and forefoot abduction
pronation
42
__________ is a combination movement of plantarflexion, inversion and forefoot adduction
supination
43
the ________ is the "shin bone" and is the primary weight bearing bone of the leg
tibia
44
the ________ carries 1/6th of the body weight
fibula
45
the ________ ________ is the lateral projection of the ankle
lateral malleolus
46
________ tubercle - a large prominence lateral and superior to the tibial tuberosity
Gerdy's
47
the proximal tib/fib joint is a synovial _______ joint
plane
48
available movements at the proximal tib/fib joint included limited ________ and ________ glide with dorsiflexion and limited _________ and ________ glide with plantar flexion
superior and posterior (Dorsi)
inferior and anterior (plantar)
49
The _________ ligament of the fibular head attaches at the anterior proximal tibia & anterior proximal fibula
anterior
50
the ___________ ligament of the fibular head attaches to the posterior proximal tibia and posterior proximal fibular
posterior
51
the distal end of the fibula articulates with the distal end of the ________
tibia
52
strong connective tissue between the tibia and the fibular which thickens at the distal end is called the ___________ ____________
interossesous membrane
53
the distal end of the tibia and fibula articulate with the __________ (dome) of the talus
trochlea
54
the talocrural joint is a synovial _________ joint
hinge
55
the distal tibiofibular joint is a _________ joint
fibrous
56
the _________ ligament is made up of four ligaments
deltoid
57
the deltoid ligament attaches to the medial ________ and the ________ bones of the medial foot
medial malleolus and the tarsal bones of the medial foot
58
the deltoid ligament checks _________ of the ankle
eversion
59
T/F the deltoid ligament is so strong that if injured can lead to an avulsion fracture
true
60
the _________ ___________ ligament attaches to the lateral malleolus and the neck of the talus
anterior talofibular
61
the ATFL checks ___________ (Especially when the ankle is plantar flexed)
inversion
62
you can palpate the ATFL through the ________ _______
sinus tarsi
63
T/F the ATFL is the most commonly injured ligament in the foot (95% of ankle sprains)
true
64
the ____________ ligament attaches onto the lateral malleolus and the lateral calcaneus
calcaneofibular ligament
65
the CFL checks _________ (when the ankle is in neutral)
inversion
66
the ___________ calcaneal bursa is located between the achilles tendon and the overlying skin
subcutaneous
67
the ____________calcaneal bursa is located between the achilles tendon and the calcaneus
subtendinous
68
the ________ joint is the inferior aspect of the talus articulating with the superior calcaneus
subtalar
69
the subtalar joint is a synovial _______ joint
plane
70
available movements at the subtalar joint include __________ and __________
inversion and eversion
71
the ___________________ joint is the articulation between the talus, the calcaneus, and the navicular
talocalcaneonavicular
72
the talocalcaneonavicular joint is a synovial _______ and ________ joint that helps increase the inversion/eversion range
ball and socket
73
the plantar _____________ ligament is aka the spring ligament
calcaneonavicular
74
the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament attaches onto the _____________ ______ and the posteroinferior surface of the navicular
sustentaculum tali
75
T/F if the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is stretched, the head of the talus can sink in - resulting in pes planus
true
76
the articulation between the calcaneus and the cuboid is the _____________ joint
calcaneocuboid
77
the calcaneocuboid joint is a synovial __________ joint
plane
78
the _______ ___________ ligament helps maintain the arch of the foot
long plantar
79
the long plantar ligament attaches on the plantar surface of the _________, cuboid, and the bases of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th MTs to form a tunnel for the tendon of __________ ___________
calcaneus
peroneus longus
80
the transverse tarsal joint is aka the ___________ joint
midtarsal
81
the midtarsal joint is technically both the ______________ joint and the ___________ joint
talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint
82
T/F there is little movement at the intertarsal, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints due to tight binding by the ligaments
true
83
the _______________ joints are the heads of the metatarsals articulating with the bases of the proximal phalanges
metatarsophalangeal
84
the metatarsophalangeal joints are synovial _________ joints
condyloid
85
the head of one __________ articulates with the base of the ___________ distal to it
phalanx x2
86
the interphalangeal joints are synovial ________ joints
hinge
87
available movements at the interphalangeal joints includes _________ and _________
flexion and extension
88
the bones of the foot form arches which act as ________ __________ - the arches distribute the stresses through the bones of the foot
shock absorbers
89
name the 3 arches of the foot
medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse
90
the arches of the foot are maintained by which of the following?
a) the shape of the interlocking bones
b) the ligaments
c) the fascia
d) the action of the muscles
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
91
T/F the medial longitudinal arch is always in contact with the ground
false
92
T/F the medial longitudinal arch is more involved in propulsion than weight bearing
true
93
T/F the lateral longitudinal arch is more involved in weight-bearing than propulsion
true
94
the _________ arch involves the whole length of the foot
transverse
95
the plantar fascia is aka the plantar ____________
aponeurosis
96
the plantar fascia attaches to the medial calcaneal tubercle and the ___________ phalanx of each toe
proximal
97
T/F the plantar aponeurosis continues with the fascia of the calf
true
98
as the toes extend, the plantar fascia tightens (because it crosses the MTPs) - as it tightens, it pulls the calcaneus anteriorly and elevates the arches putting the foot into supination this is known as the _____________ mechanism
windlass mechanism
99
T/F the windlass mechanism only occurs during active use of the foot
false
100
the longest and heaviest bone in the body is the ___________
femur
101
the patellar surface is aka the _________ groove
trochlear
102
the________ _______ is a rough ridge with two lips on the posterior surface of the femur
linea aspera
103
__________
superior attachment: lateral condyle of the femur
inferior attachment: the posterior proximal surface of the tibia
action: weak flexion of the knee
action: medial rotation of the knee (key)
popliteus
104
when the knee is fully extended, the tibia rotates laterally which locks the knee into a more stable position - this is the _______ ________ mechanism
screw home
105
to flex the knee, the _________ medially rotates the tibia to "unlock" the knee and allow it to flex
popliteus
106
there are 4 compartments to the knee
1.
2.
3.
4.
anterior, lateral, superficial posterior and deep posterior
107
T/F the muscles in a compartment share the same general function, the same nerve supply and the same blood supply
true
108
__________ __________
superior attachment: superior 1/2 of the tibia, interosseus membrane
inferior attachment: base of the 1st MT
action: dorsiflexion
action: inversion
tibialis anterior
109
___________ __________ _________
superior attachment: anterior, middle fibula
inferior attachment: base of the distal phalanx of the 1st toe
action: MTP extension
action: assists in dorsiflexion, inversion
extensor hallucis longus (EHL)
110
________ ________ _________
superior attachment: proximal 3/4 of the anterior fibula/ interosseus membrane
inferior attachment: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes
actions: dorsiflexion, eversion, and extension of the MTPs, PIPs, DIPs 2nd-5th digits
extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
111
___________ __________
superior attachment: anterior distal fibula
inferior attachment: base of 5th MT (dorsal surface)
actions: weak dorsiflexion and eversion
peroneus tertius
112
T/F peroneus tertius is very common
false
113
__________ __________
superior attachment: lateral proximal 2/3rds of the fibula
inferior attachment: base of the 1st MTP
(passes through the tunnel formed by the extension of the long plantar ligament)
action: plantar flexion and eversion
peroneus longus
114
peroneus longus forms a _________ with tibialis anterior at the base of 1st MT
stirrup
115
___________ __________
superior attachment: lateral 2/3rd of fibular
inferior attachment: tuberosity of the 5th MT
actions: plantar flexion and eversion
peroneus brevis
116
________________
superior attachment: 2 heads attaching to the medial and lateral femoral condyles
inferior attachment: calcaneus
actions: plantar flexion and weak knee flexion
gastrocnemius
117
_________
superior attachment: proximal post. fibula, soleal line (tibia) and 1/3rd medial border of tibia
inferior attachment: calcaneus (via achilles tendon)
action: plantar flexion
soleus
118
gastrox & soleus together are referenced as the _________ _______
triceps surae
119
____________
superior attachment: distal lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur
inferior attachment: calcaneus NOT via the achilles tendon
action: plantar flexion & weak knee flexion
plantaris
120
T/F plantaris is a weak muscle but if it ruptures there can be extreme pain
true
121
gastrox and soleus share a common distal tendon called the _________ tendon which attaches to the calcaneus
achilles
122
__________ ___________
superior attachment: posterior tibia
inferior attachment: navicular tuberosity
action: plantar flexion & inversion
tibialis posterior
