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Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Superficial Veins of the leg

A

GREAT SAPHENOUS + SMALL SAPHENOUS VEINS

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2
Q

Great Saphenous Vein

A

Ascends anterior to medial malleolus of the tibia

Empties into the Femoral Vein

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3
Q

Small Saphenous Vein

A

Ascends posterior to lateral malleolus of the tibia

Empties into the Popliteal Vein

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4
Q

Do Varicose Veins affects superficial or deep veins of the leg?

A

Superficial Veins

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5
Q

Name the Deep Veins of the leg

A

Deep vein of thigh, External Iliac, Femoral, Popliteal, Fibular & Ant/Post Tibial Veins

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6
Q

What is the dermatomal area of Medial Knee?

A

L3

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7
Q

What is the dermatomal area of the Little Toe?

A

S1

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8
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying Great Saphenous Vein end up?

A

Superficial Inguinal Nodes

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9
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying Small Saphenous Vein end up?

A

Popliteal Lymph Nodes

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10
Q

What are the 3 main groups of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial Inguinal, Deep Inguinal and Popliteal

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11
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball & socket synovial joint

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12
Q

Name the 2 articulating surfaces of the hip joint

A

Head of Femur

Acetabulum of pelvis

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13
Q

What is the acetabulum surrounded by?

A

Ring of cartilage called the Acetabular Labrum

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14
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint

A

ILIOFEMORAL
PUBOFEMORAL
ISHIOFEMORAL

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15
Q

What is the role of the Iliofemoral Ligament?

A

Prevents increased extension

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16
Q

What is the role of the Pubofemoral Ligament?

A

Prevents increased abduction

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17
Q

What movements does the Hip Joint allow?

A

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Medial and Lateral Rotation

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18
Q

Name the HIP FLEXOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

ILIACUS
PSOAS MAJOR?MINOR
PECTINEUS

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19
Q

Name the HIP EXTENSOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
SEMITENDINOUS
SEMIMEMBRANOUS
BICEPS FEMORIS

(HAMSTRINGS + ADDUCTOR MAGNUS)

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20
Q

Name the HIP ADDUCTOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

-Medial Compartment of the Thigh

ADDUCTOR LONGUS
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
PECTINEUS
GRACILIS
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21
Q

Which nerve are the Hip Adductor muscles supplied by?

A

Obturator Nerve

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22
Q

Name the HIP ABDUCTOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
DEEP GLUTEALS

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23
Q

Name the LATERAL ROTATOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

BICEPS FEMORIS
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
DEEP GLUTEALS

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24
Q

Name the MEDIAL ROTATOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE

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25
Name the compartments of the thigh
ANTERIOR (Quads/Extensors of the Knee) MEDIAL (Adductors of the Hip) POSTERIOR (Hamstrings/Flexors of the Knee)
26
Name the muscles in the ANTERIOR compartment of the thigh
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS --> 4 headed muscles; RECTUS FEMORIS, VASTUS LATERALIS, VASTUS MEDIALIS, VASTUS INTERMEDIUS & SARTORIUS MUSCLE
27
Which nerve innervates the Quadriceps Femoris muscle?
Femoral Nerve
28
What do the 4 parts of the quadriceps muscles unite to form?
They unite to form the quadriceps tendon (proximal to patella) which then continues as the patellar ligament
29
What is the action of the Quadriceps Femorus muscle?
Flexion of Hip + Extension of Knee
30
Which nerve innervates the Sartorius muscle?
Femoral Nerve
31
What is the action of the Sartorius muscle?
Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip | Flexion of knee
32
Name the muscles in the MEDIAL compartment of the thigh
``` OBTURATOR EXTERNUS ADDUCTOR BREVIS ADDUCTOR LONGUS ADDUCTOR MAGNUS GRACILIS ```
33
Which nerve innervates the medial compartment?
Obturator Nerve
34
What is the action of the medial compartment?
Adduction of hip
35
Name the muscles in the POSTERIOR compartment of the thigh and what are the innervation?
SEMI-TENDINOUS (tibial of SCIATIC nerve) SEMI-MEMBRANOUS (tibial of SCIATIC nerve) Long head of BICEPS FEMORIS (tibial part of SCIATIC nerve) Short head of BICEPS FEMORIS (fibular part of SCIATIC nerve)
36
What are the actions of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Extension, lateral +medial rotation of hip | Flexion of knee
37
Branches of which nerve innervate the Posterior compartment?
Sciatic nerve
38
What is the main artery of the thigh? When does it change name?
Femoral artery | Name changes when vessel crosses behind inguinal ligament
39
What is the femoral vein a continuation of?
Popliteal vein
40
Which 2 veins drain into the femoral vein?
Profunda femoris vein | Great saphenous vein
41
Which nerve is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?
Femoral nerve
42
Which muscles does the femoral nerve supply?
Sartorius, Pectineus, Iliacus + Rectus Femoris
43
What is the femoral triangle?
Triangular depression below the inguinal ligament
44
What are the SUPERIOR, LATERAL & MEDIAL borders of the femoral triangle?
Superior - Inguinal ligament Lateral - Medial border of Sartorius Medial - Medial border of Adductor Longus
45
What forms the roof and the base of the femoral triangle?
Roof: Fascia Lata Base: Pectineus, Iliopsoas & Adductor Longus
46
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral Nerve --> Femoral Artery --> Femoral Vein --> Femoral Canal (contains deep lymph nodes and vessels)
47
What does the Femoral Sheath contain?
Femoral artery, vein + canal | Lateral - intermediate - medial
48
What is the Adductor Canal?
A narrow, conical tunnel in the thigh (15cm long) extending from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus
49
What is the anterior, lateral + posterior border of the Adductor Canal?
Anterior- Sartorius Lateral - Vastus Medialis Posterior - Adductor Longus + Adductor Magnus
50
What does the adductor canal contain?
Femoral artery, verin + nerve | Femoral artery & vein exit the canal as the popliteal artery and vein
51
What are the two main branches of the Lumbar Plexus?
Obturator & Femoral Nerve
52
What are the levels of the Lumbar Plexus?
T12, L1, L2, L3, L4 (anterior rami of lumbar and thoracic nerves
53
Which muscle does the Lumbar Plexus emerge through?
Psoas Major
54
What are the levels of the Femoral Nerve?
L2, L3, L4
55
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
Anterior compartment of the thigh
56
What are the levels of the Obturator Nerve?
L2, L3, L4
57
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
Medial compartment of the thigh (adductors)
58
Name the 3 main bones of the pelvic girdle
Ilium, ischium & pubis
59
What goes through the greater sciatic foramen?
Structures entering or leaving the pelvis
60
What goes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Structures entering or leaving the perineum
61
How many layers does the Gluteal region have? What are they?
2- Superficial & Deep
62
What are the superficial muscles of the Gluteal region?
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS GLUTEUS MEDIUS GLUTEUS MINIMUS TENSOR FASICAE LATAE
63
What are the deep muscles of the Gluteal region?
PIRIFORMIS OBTURATOR INTERNUS SUPERIOR + INFERIOR GEMELLI QUADRATUS FEMORIS
64
Where is the sacral plexus?
On the surface of the posterior pelvic wall, anterior to the performs muscle
65
What are the levels of the Sacral Plexus?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 + S4 (anterior rami of spinal nerve)
66
What are the two main branches of the Sacral Plexus?
Sciatic & Pudendal Nerve
67
What are the Gluteal Nerves?
There are 2 pairs (Superior and Inferior)
68
Superior Gluteal Nerve
Root value of L4-S1 | Supplies Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus + Tensor Fasciae Latae
69
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Root value of L5-S2 | Supplies Gluteus Maximus
70
What is the fascia lata?
Deep fascia of the thigh?
71
Gluteus Maximus - actions and innervation
Extends and externally rotates hip joint | Innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve
72
Gluteus Medius/Minimus + Tensor Fasciae Lata - actions and innervation
Abducts, medially and laterally rotates the hip joint | Innervated by superior gluteal nerve
73
What is the role of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Stabilise and externally rotates the hip joint
74
Sciatic nerve
Largest nerve in the body emerging inferior to performs, branching into TIBIAL portion + COMMON FIBULAR portion ~ doesn't supply any muscles in the gluteal region, innervates the posterior thigh (HAMSTRINGS)
75
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Compound, synovial hinge joint
76
What are the actions of the knee joint?
Flexion, extension, lateral and medial rotation
77
What are the articular surfaces of the knee joint?
Medial + lateral condyles of femur, tibia and posterior surface of patella
78
Which bone is not involved in the knee joint articulations?
Fibula
79
Name the 2 collateral ligaments of the knee
Lateral Collateral Ligament | Medial Collateral Ligament
80
What are the 2 cruciate ligaments of the knee?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament | Posterior Cruciate Ligament
81
What does the Anterior Cruciate Ligament prevent?
Prevents the femur sliding posteriorly | Prevents rotation of the knee
82
What does the Posterior Cruciate Ligament prevent?
Prevents the femur sliding anteriorly
83
Which of the 2 cruciate ligaments has poor blood supply + is prone to injury and poor repair?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
84
Name the menisci of the knee
Medial and Lateral
85
What is the role of the menisci of the knee?
Deepen the articular surface of the tibia, increasing stability of the joint Disperse body weight Reduce friction during movement
86
What does the medial meniscus adhere to?
Deep surface of the tibial/medial collateral ligament
87
What does the lateral meniscus adhere to?
Nothing- no extra attachments and is much smaller
88
What movements occur at the knee joint and which muscles are responsible for them?
Flexion - HAMSTRINGS, GRACILIS, SARTORIUS, POPLITEUS Extension - QUADRICEPS FEMORIS Lateral rotation - BICEPS FEMORIS Medial rotation - SEMI-MEMBRANOUS, SEMI-TENDINOSUS, GRACILIS, SARTORIUS + POPLITEUS
89
What is the bursa around the knee?
Suprapatellar bursa
90
What are the compartments of the lower leg?
Anterior Lateral Posterior
91
How many muscles are in the Anterior compartment of the lower leg? What are they called?
4 muscles: TIBIALIS ANTERIOR EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS FIBULARIS TERTIUS
92
What are the actions of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
Dorsiflex + invert the foot at the ankle | EDL + EHL ALSO extend the toes
93
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
Deep Fibular Nerve
94
What is the blood supply to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
Anterior Tibial Artery
95
What are the 2 branches of the Sciatic Nerve?
Common Fibular Nerve | Tibial Nerve
96
Which terminal branch of the popliteal artery supplies the anterior leg?
Anterior Tibial Artery
97
Which artery runs midway between the malleoli?
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
98
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial hinge joint
99
What are the articulating surfaces of the ankle joint?
Distal end of the tibia + fibula of the leg | Superior part of the talks bone
100
What is strong during dorsiflexion of the ankle?
Malleoli grip
101
What is unstable during plantar flexion of the ankle?
Ankle joint
102
What are the ligaments of the ankle called?
Medial and lateral ligaments
103
When is an ankle sprain most common?
Torn fibres of ankle ligament is most common on inversion of the subtler joint
104
What are the main movements of the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion (ANT COMPARTMENT OF LEG) | Plantarflexion (POST COMPARTMENT OF LEG)
105
What are the names + types of TIBIO-FIBULAR joints?
Superior/Proximal Tibio-fibular - synovial plane joint | Inferior/Distal Tibio-fibular - compound fibrous joint
106
What is the popliteal fossa?
Fat filled diamond shaped area posterior to the knee joint
107
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
Superiomedial - SEMI-MEMBRANOUS Superiolateral - BICEPS FEMORIS Inferiomedial - MEDIAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS Inferiolateral - LATERAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS
108
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Fat, Popliteal artery, Popliteal vein, Tibial nerve, Common fibular nerve, Popliteal lymph nodes and vessels
109
Where does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
Adductor hiatus
110
How many muscles are in the Posterior compartment of the lower leg? What are they called?
7 muscles; SUPERFICIAL GROUP - GASTROCNEMIUS, PLANTARIS, SOLEUS DEEP GROUP - POLITEUS, TIBIALIS POSTERIOR, FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS, FLEXOR HALLICUS LONGUS
111
Gastrocnemius muscle (action + innervation)
Most superficial muscle; 2 headed muscles (lateral and medial) which PLANTARFLEXES at ankle joint + FLEXES at knee Innervated by the TIBIAL NERVE
112
Plantaris muscle (action + innervation)
Small muscle with long tendon PLANTARFLEXES at ankle joint + FLEXES at knee Innervated by the TIBIAL NERVE
113
Soleus muscles (action + innervation)
Deep to gastrocnemius; large and flat PLANTARFLEXES at ankle joint Innervated by TIBIAL NERVE
114
What do the superficial group of muscles of the lower leg insert into?
Calcaneal tendon
115
Popliteus (action + innervation)
LATERALLY ROTATES femur (unlocks knee for flexion) | Innervated by TIBIAL NERVE
116
Tibialis Posterior (action + innervation)
Lies between FDL + FHL INVERTS + PLANTARFLEXES foot Innervated bu TIBIAL NERVE
117
Flexor Digitorum Longus (action + innervation)
FLEXES lateral 4 toes | Innervation by TIBIAL NERVE
118
Flexor Hallicus Longus (action + innervation)
FLEXES great toe | Innervated by TIBIAL NERVE
119
How many intrinsic muscles of the foot are there? What are their action and innervation?
2- EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS (aids EDL in extending medial 4 toes) + EXTENSOR HALLICUS BREVIS (aids EHL in extending big toe) Innervated by Deep Fibular Nerve
120
How many muscles are in the Lateral compartment of the lower leg? What are they called?
2 - FIBULARIS LONGUS (longer + more superficial) + FIBULARIS BREVIS (shorter + deeper) Both evert and plantar flex the foot at the ankle Innervated by Superficial Fibular Nerve
121
What are the two roles of the foot?
Supports the body weight and plays a role in locomotion
122
What are the bones of the foot?
Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate and medial)
123
What is the name of the deep fascia of the foot?
Planta fascia/aponeurosis
124
What is the subtalar joint?
Joint of the foot at the meeting point of the talus + calcaneus allowing eversion and inversion
125
How many layers of muscles on the foot are there?
4
126
Layer 1 of muscles of the foot
3 muscles ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS (abducts and flexes big toes/ medial plantar nerve innervation) FLEXOR DIGITORUM BREVIS (flexes digits at PIP/ medial plantar nerve innervation) ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (abducts and flexes little toe/ lateral plantar nerve innervation)
127
Layer 2 of muscles of the foot
2 muscles + tendon of FDL QUADRATUS PLANTAE (flexes lateral 4 digits/ lateral plantar nerve innervation) LUMBRICALS x4 which are each medial to FDL tendon (flexes at MCP joint and extends at IP joint/most medial is innervated by medial plantar nerve and other 3 are innervated by lateral plantar nerve)
128
Layer 3 of muscles of the foot
3 muscles FLEXOR HALLICUS BREVIS (flexes big toe/ innervated by medial plantar nerve) ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS (adducts big toe/ innervated by deep branch of lateral plantar nerve) FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS (flexes little toe/ innervated by superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve)
129
Layer 4 of muscles of the foot
PLANTAR INTEROSSEI (3) --> ADDUCT DIGITS 3-5 DORSAL INTEROSSEI (4) --> ABDUCT DIGITS 2-4 + flex MSP *Remember PAD + DAB* Both innervated by lateral plantar nerve
130
What is the role of the arches of the foot?
Distribute body weight and act as shock absorbers
131
How are the arches of the foot maintained?
Passive factors | Dynamic factors

MSK Anatomy (2 decks)

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