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MSK Anatomy > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Superficial Veins of the leg

A

GREAT SAPHENOUS + SMALL SAPHENOUS VEINS

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2
Q

Great Saphenous Vein

A

Ascends anterior to medial malleolus of the tibia

Empties into the Femoral Vein

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3
Q

Small Saphenous Vein

A

Ascends posterior to lateral malleolus of the tibia

Empties into the Popliteal Vein

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4
Q

Do Varicose Veins affects superficial or deep veins of the leg?

A

Superficial Veins

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5
Q

Name the Deep Veins of the leg

A

Deep vein of thigh, External Iliac, Femoral, Popliteal, Fibular & Ant/Post Tibial Veins

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6
Q

What is the dermatomal area of Medial Knee?

A

L3

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7
Q

What is the dermatomal area of the Little Toe?

A

S1

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8
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying Great Saphenous Vein end up?

A

Superficial Inguinal Nodes

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9
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying Small Saphenous Vein end up?

A

Popliteal Lymph Nodes

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10
Q

What are the 3 main groups of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial Inguinal, Deep Inguinal and Popliteal

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11
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball & socket synovial joint

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12
Q

Name the 2 articulating surfaces of the hip joint

A

Head of Femur

Acetabulum of pelvis

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13
Q

What is the acetabulum surrounded by?

A

Ring of cartilage called the Acetabular Labrum

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14
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint

A

ILIOFEMORAL
PUBOFEMORAL
ISHIOFEMORAL

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15
Q

What is the role of the Iliofemoral Ligament?

A

Prevents increased extension

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16
Q

What is the role of the Pubofemoral Ligament?

A

Prevents increased abduction

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17
Q

What movements does the Hip Joint allow?

A

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Medial and Lateral Rotation

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18
Q

Name the HIP FLEXOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

ILIACUS
PSOAS MAJOR?MINOR
PECTINEUS

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19
Q

Name the HIP EXTENSOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
SEMITENDINOUS
SEMIMEMBRANOUS
BICEPS FEMORIS

(HAMSTRINGS + ADDUCTOR MAGNUS)

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20
Q

Name the HIP ADDUCTOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

-Medial Compartment of the Thigh

ADDUCTOR LONGUS
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
PECTINEUS
GRACILIS
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21
Q

Which nerve are the Hip Adductor muscles supplied by?

A

Obturator Nerve

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22
Q

Name the HIP ABDUCTOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
DEEP GLUTEALS

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23
Q

Name the LATERAL ROTATOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

BICEPS FEMORIS
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
DEEP GLUTEALS

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24
Q

Name the MEDIAL ROTATOR muscles of the Hip Joint

A

GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE

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25
Q

Name the compartments of the thigh

A

ANTERIOR (Quads/Extensors of the Knee)
MEDIAL (Adductors of the Hip)
POSTERIOR (Hamstrings/Flexors of the Knee)

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26
Q

Name the muscles in the ANTERIOR compartment of the thigh

A

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS –> 4 headed muscles; RECTUS FEMORIS, VASTUS LATERALIS, VASTUS MEDIALIS, VASTUS INTERMEDIUS

& SARTORIUS MUSCLE

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27
Q

Which nerve innervates the Quadriceps Femoris muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve

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28
Q

What do the 4 parts of the quadriceps muscles unite to form?

A

They unite to form the quadriceps tendon (proximal to patella) which then continues as the patellar ligament

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29
Q

What is the action of the Quadriceps Femorus muscle?

A

Flexion of Hip + Extension of Knee

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30
Q

Which nerve innervates the Sartorius muscle?

A

Femoral Nerve

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31
Q

What is the action of the Sartorius muscle?

A

Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip

Flexion of knee

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32
Q

Name the muscles in the MEDIAL compartment of the thigh

A 
OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
ADDUCTOR LONGUS
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
GRACILIS
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33
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial compartment?

A

Obturator Nerve

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34
Q

What is the action of the medial compartment?

A

Adduction of hip

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35
Q

Name the muscles in the POSTERIOR compartment of the thigh and what are the innervation?

A

SEMI-TENDINOUS (tibial of SCIATIC nerve)
SEMI-MEMBRANOUS (tibial of SCIATIC nerve)
Long head of BICEPS FEMORIS (tibial part of SCIATIC nerve)
Short head of BICEPS FEMORIS (fibular part of SCIATIC nerve)

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36
Q

What are the actions of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension, lateral +medial rotation of hip

Flexion of knee

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37
Q

Branches of which nerve innervate the Posterior compartment?

A

Sciatic nerve

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38
Q

What is the main artery of the thigh? When does it change name?

A

Femoral artery

Name changes when vessel crosses behind inguinal ligament

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39
Q

What is the femoral vein a continuation of?

A

Popliteal vein

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40
Q

Which 2 veins drain into the femoral vein?

A

Profunda femoris vein

Great saphenous vein

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41
Q

Which nerve is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

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42
Q

Which muscles does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Sartorius, Pectineus, Iliacus + Rectus Femoris

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43
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

Triangular depression below the inguinal ligament

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44
Q

What are the SUPERIOR, LATERAL & MEDIAL borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior - Inguinal ligament
Lateral - Medial border of Sartorius
Medial - Medial border of Adductor Longus

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45
Q

What forms the roof and the base of the femoral triangle?

A

Roof: Fascia Lata
Base: Pectineus, Iliopsoas & Adductor Longus

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46
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve –> Femoral Artery –> Femoral Vein –> Femoral Canal (contains deep lymph nodes and vessels)

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47
Q

What does the Femoral Sheath contain?

A

Femoral artery, vein + canal

Lateral - intermediate - medial

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48
Q

What is the Adductor Canal?

A

A narrow, conical tunnel in the thigh (15cm long) extending from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus

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49
Q

What is the anterior, lateral + posterior border of the Adductor Canal?

A

Anterior- Sartorius
Lateral - Vastus Medialis
Posterior - Adductor Longus + Adductor Magnus

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50
Q

What does the adductor canal contain?

A

Femoral artery, verin + nerve

Femoral artery & vein exit the canal as the popliteal artery and vein

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51
Q

What are the two main branches of the Lumbar Plexus?

A

Obturator & Femoral Nerve

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52
Q

What are the levels of the Lumbar Plexus?

A

T12, L1, L2, L3, L4 (anterior rami of lumbar and thoracic nerves

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53
Q

Which muscle does the Lumbar Plexus emerge through?

A

Psoas Major

54
Q

What are the levels of the Femoral Nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

55
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

56
Q

What are the levels of the Obturator Nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

57
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Medial compartment of the thigh (adductors)

58
Q

Name the 3 main bones of the pelvic girdle

A

Ilium, ischium & pubis

59
Q

What goes through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Structures entering or leaving the pelvis

60
Q

What goes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Structures entering or leaving the perineum

61
Q

How many layers does the Gluteal region have? What are they?

A

2- Superficial & Deep

62
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the Gluteal region?

A

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
TENSOR FASICAE LATAE

63
Q

What are the deep muscles of the Gluteal region?

A

PIRIFORMIS
OBTURATOR INTERNUS
SUPERIOR + INFERIOR GEMELLI
QUADRATUS FEMORIS

64
Q

Where is the sacral plexus?

A

On the surface of the posterior pelvic wall, anterior to the performs muscle

65
Q

What are the levels of the Sacral Plexus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 + S4 (anterior rami of spinal nerve)

66
Q

What are the two main branches of the Sacral Plexus?

A

Sciatic & Pudendal Nerve

67
Q

What are the Gluteal Nerves?

A

There are 2 pairs (Superior and Inferior)

68
Q

Superior Gluteal Nerve

A

Root value of L4-S1

Supplies Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus + Tensor Fasciae Latae

69
Q

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

A

Root value of L5-S2

Supplies Gluteus Maximus

70
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

Deep fascia of the thigh?

71
Q

Gluteus Maximus - actions and innervation

A

Extends and externally rotates hip joint

Innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve

72
Q

Gluteus Medius/Minimus + Tensor Fasciae Lata - actions and innervation

A

Abducts, medially and laterally rotates the hip joint

Innervated by superior gluteal nerve

73
Q

What is the role of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Stabilise and externally rotates the hip joint

74
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Largest nerve in the body emerging inferior to performs, branching into TIBIAL portion + COMMON FIBULAR portion ~ doesn’t supply any muscles in the gluteal region, innervates the posterior thigh (HAMSTRINGS)

75
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Compound, synovial hinge joint

76
Q

What are the actions of the knee joint?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral and medial rotation

77
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the knee joint?

A

Medial + lateral condyles of femur, tibia and posterior surface of patella

78
Q

Which bone is not involved in the knee joint articulations?

A

Fibula

79
Q

Name the 2 collateral ligaments of the knee

A

Lateral Collateral Ligament

Medial Collateral Ligament

80
Q

What are the 2 cruciate ligaments of the knee?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

81
Q

What does the Anterior Cruciate Ligament prevent?

A

Prevents the femur sliding posteriorly

Prevents rotation of the knee

82
Q

What does the Posterior Cruciate Ligament prevent?

A

Prevents the femur sliding anteriorly

83
Q

Which of the 2 cruciate ligaments has poor blood supply + is prone to injury and poor repair?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

84
Q

Name the menisci of the knee

A

Medial and Lateral

85
Q

What is the role of the menisci of the knee?

A

Deepen the articular surface of the tibia, increasing stability of the joint
Disperse body weight
Reduce friction during movement

86
Q

What does the medial meniscus adhere to?

A

Deep surface of the tibial/medial collateral ligament

87
Q

What does the lateral meniscus adhere to?

A

Nothing- no extra attachments and is much smaller

88
Q

What movements occur at the knee joint and which muscles are responsible for them?

A

Flexion - HAMSTRINGS, GRACILIS, SARTORIUS, POPLITEUS
Extension - QUADRICEPS FEMORIS
Lateral rotation - BICEPS FEMORIS
Medial rotation - SEMI-MEMBRANOUS, SEMI-TENDINOSUS, GRACILIS, SARTORIUS + POPLITEUS

89
Q

What is the bursa around the knee?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

90
Q

What are the compartments of the lower leg?

A

Anterior
Lateral
Posterior

91
Q

How many muscles are in the Anterior compartment of the lower leg? What are they called?

A

4 muscles:

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
FIBULARIS TERTIUS

92
Q

What are the actions of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Dorsiflex + invert the foot at the ankle

EDL + EHL ALSO extend the toes

93
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

94
Q

What is the blood supply to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Anterior Tibial Artery

95
Q

What are the 2 branches of the Sciatic Nerve?

A

Common Fibular Nerve

Tibial Nerve

96
Q

Which terminal branch of the popliteal artery supplies the anterior leg?

A

Anterior Tibial Artery

97
Q

Which artery runs midway between the malleoli?

A

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

98
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

99
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the ankle joint?

A

Distal end of the tibia + fibula of the leg

Superior part of the talks bone

100
Q

What is strong during dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A

Malleoli grip

101
Q

What is unstable during plantar flexion of the ankle?

A

Ankle joint

102
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle called?

A

Medial and lateral ligaments

103
Q

When is an ankle sprain most common?

A

Torn fibres of ankle ligament is most common on inversion of the subtler joint

104
Q

What are the main movements of the ankle joint?

A

Dorsiflexion (ANT COMPARTMENT OF LEG)

Plantarflexion (POST COMPARTMENT OF LEG)

105
Q

What are the names + types of TIBIO-FIBULAR joints?

A

Superior/Proximal Tibio-fibular - synovial plane joint

Inferior/Distal Tibio-fibular - compound fibrous joint

106
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat filled diamond shaped area posterior to the knee joint

107
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superiomedial - SEMI-MEMBRANOUS
Superiolateral - BICEPS FEMORIS
Inferiomedial - MEDIAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS
Inferiolateral - LATERAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS

108
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Fat, Popliteal artery, Popliteal vein, Tibial nerve, Common fibular nerve, Popliteal lymph nodes and vessels

109
Q

Where does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

Adductor hiatus

110
Q

How many muscles are in the Posterior compartment of the lower leg? What are they called?

A

7 muscles;

SUPERFICIAL GROUP - GASTROCNEMIUS, PLANTARIS, SOLEUS
DEEP GROUP - POLITEUS, TIBIALIS POSTERIOR, FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS, FLEXOR HALLICUS LONGUS

111
Q

Gastrocnemius muscle (action + innervation)

A

Most superficial muscle; 2 headed muscles (lateral and medial) which PLANTARFLEXES at ankle joint + FLEXES at knee
Innervated by the TIBIAL NERVE

112
Q

Plantaris muscle (action + innervation)

A

Small muscle with long tendon
PLANTARFLEXES at ankle joint + FLEXES at knee
Innervated by the TIBIAL NERVE

113
Q

Soleus muscles (action + innervation)

A

Deep to gastrocnemius; large and flat
PLANTARFLEXES at ankle joint
Innervated by TIBIAL NERVE

114
Q

What do the superficial group of muscles of the lower leg insert into?

A

Calcaneal tendon

115
Q

Popliteus (action + innervation)

A

LATERALLY ROTATES femur (unlocks knee for flexion)

Innervated by TIBIAL NERVE

116
Q

Tibialis Posterior (action + innervation)

A

Lies between FDL + FHL
INVERTS + PLANTARFLEXES foot
Innervated bu TIBIAL NERVE

117
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus (action + innervation)

A

FLEXES lateral 4 toes

Innervation by TIBIAL NERVE

118
Q

Flexor Hallicus Longus (action + innervation)

A

FLEXES great toe

Innervated by TIBIAL NERVE

119
Q

How many intrinsic muscles of the foot are there? What are their action and innervation?

A

2- EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS (aids EDL in extending medial 4 toes) + EXTENSOR HALLICUS BREVIS (aids EHL in extending big toe)
Innervated by Deep Fibular Nerve

120
Q

How many muscles are in the Lateral compartment of the lower leg? What are they called?

A

2 - FIBULARIS LONGUS (longer + more superficial) + FIBULARIS BREVIS (shorter + deeper)

Both evert and plantar flex the foot at the ankle

Innervated by Superficial Fibular Nerve

121
Q

What are the two roles of the foot?

A

Supports the body weight and plays a role in locomotion

122
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A

Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate and medial)

123
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia of the foot?

A

Planta fascia/aponeurosis

124
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

Joint of the foot at the meeting point of the talus + calcaneus allowing eversion and inversion

125
Q

How many layers of muscles on the foot are there?

A

4

126
Q

Layer 1 of muscles of the foot

A

3 muscles

ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS (abducts and flexes big toes/ medial plantar nerve innervation)

FLEXOR DIGITORUM BREVIS (flexes digits at PIP/ medial plantar nerve innervation)

ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (abducts and flexes little toe/ lateral plantar nerve innervation)

127
Q

Layer 2 of muscles of the foot

A

2 muscles + tendon of FDL

QUADRATUS PLANTAE (flexes lateral 4 digits/ lateral plantar nerve innervation)

LUMBRICALS x4 which are each medial to FDL tendon (flexes at MCP joint and extends at IP joint/most medial is innervated by medial plantar nerve and other 3 are innervated by lateral plantar nerve)

128
Q

Layer 3 of muscles of the foot

A

3 muscles

FLEXOR HALLICUS BREVIS (flexes big toe/ innervated by medial plantar nerve)

ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS (adducts big toe/ innervated by deep branch of lateral plantar nerve)

FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS (flexes little toe/ innervated by superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve)

129
Q

Layer 4 of muscles of the foot

A

PLANTAR INTEROSSEI (3) –> ADDUCT DIGITS 3-5

DORSAL INTEROSSEI (4) –> ABDUCT DIGITS 2-4 + flex MSP

Remember PAD + DAB

Both innervated by lateral plantar nerve

130
Q

What is the role of the arches of the foot?

A

Distribute body weight and act as shock absorbers

131
Q

How are the arches of the foot maintained?

A

Passive factors

Dynamic factors

MSK Anatomy (2 decks)

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