Lower Limb Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
lateral rotator group
A
musculature of the gluteal region
- primarily involved in lateral rotation of femur at hip
- lateral (external) rotator muscles
- located deep to gluteal muscles
2
Q
what are the 6 lateral rotator muscles that run from the bony pelvis to the greater trochanter and upper posterior femur?
A
piriformis obturator internus superior and inferior Gemelli quandratrus femoris obturator externus
3
Q
piriformis
A
- originates from pelvic surface of lateral part of sacrum
- leaves pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen to attach to femur
4
Q
obturator internus
A
- originates on obturator membrane of pelvis
- tendon exits pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen to insert onto femur
- pudendal canal formed with obturator membrane and carries structures that supply the perineum
5
Q
superior gemelli
A
- the superior gemellus runs above the obturator internus
6
Q
inferior gemelli
A
runs below the obturator internus
7
Q
quadratus femoris
A
runs from ischial tuberosity to femur
8
Q
obturator externus
A
runs from outer surface of the obturator membrane to the femur
9
Q
blood supply of gluteal muscles
A
- branches of internal iliac artery
- primarily the superior and inferior gluteal arteries
- enter gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen (superior and inferior to the piriformis muscle)
- continue to travel along posterior surface of ilium (deep to gluteus maximus)
10
Q
venous drainage of gluteal muscles
A
each arterial branch has a corresponding venous branch that travels alongside it – venous branches drain into internal iliac vein
11
Q
innervation of the gluteal region arises from which plexus
A
the sacral plexus
- located deep to gluteus maximus
- pass through greater sciatic foramen
12
Q
superior gluteal nerve
A
supplies motor innervation to gluteus medium, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae
13
Q
inferior gluteal nerve
A
supplies motor innervation to the gluteus maximus
14
Q
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
A
supplies sensory info to the skin of the posterior thigh
15
Q
sciatic nerve
A
supplies the muscles that make up the posterior thigh – largest nerve in the body
16
Q
pudendal nerve
A
supplies motor innervation to the anal sphincters and the urethral sphincters and sensory innervation to the perineum, penis, scrotum, labia majora and clitoris
17
Q
what is the pathway of the sciatic nerve (L4-5 and S1-3)
A
- after forming the sacral plexus, leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and emerges below piriformis muscle
- runs deep to gluteus maximus
- passes superficial to lateral rotator muscles where it enters the posterior thigh deep to hamstring muscles
- innervates muscles of posterior thigh (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semiteninosus) and the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus
18
Q
hip joint
A
ball and socket synovial joint between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone
19
Q
acetabular labrum
A
- rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the cavity of the acetabulum
- by deepening the acetabulum, more than half of the femoral head can fit
- greatly improves stability
20
Q
ligamentum teres
A
- acts as a secondary stabilizer of the hip joint
- supplements work of capsular ligament
21
Q
fibrous capsule
A
- thick and strong group of ligaments that help hold the femoral head in the acetabulum
- ligaments oriented in spiral fashion around the hip joint (tighten during extension and go slack during flexion)
- capsule is weakest in its posteroinferior region
22
Q
compartments of the thigh
A
- compartments formed by intermuscular septa
- anterior compartment = quandriceps muscle group and sartorius muscle
- posterior compartment = hamstring
- medial compartment = adductors
23
Q
adductors
A
- most are triangular in shape
- originates from pubis
- insert onto linea aspera of femur
- pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis, adductor magnus
24
Q
adductor magnus
A
- deepest and largest muscle of the medial compartment
- inserts along the length of the linea aspera
- adducts the thigh, can also extend and medially rotate the thigh at the hip joint
- at most distal insertion site, a smaller “hamstring” part inserts on the adductor tubercle of the femur (forms adductor hiatus)
- adductor hiatus allows passage of vessels between anterior and posterior thigh
25
hamstrings
- 3 muscles that originate from ischial tuberosity of ischium and insert on posterolateral (fibula) and posteromedial (tibia) aspects of knee
- extend hip and flex knee
26
the femoral triangle
- area in upper anterior thigh that contains major neurovascular structures
- bounded superiorly by inguinal ligament, laterally by sartorius muscle and medially by adductor longus muscle
- has a muscular floor (iliopsoas and pectineus) and roof formed mainly by fascia lata
27
blood supply of hip and thigh originates from which artery?
supplied by external iliac artery which passes deep to the inguinal ligament and continues as femoral artery
28
arterial branches to the hip
- deep femoral artery (profunda femoris) and circumflex arteries
- multiple branches that anastomose around neck of femur
29
arterial branches to the thigh
- profunda femoris artery (deep femoral artery) and superficial femoral artery
- profunda femoris artery is the main source of blood to thigh, femoral artery supplies the rest
30
venous drainage of thigh and lower limb
femoral vein
31
what is the longest tributary of the femoral vein
great saphenous vein (drains superficial tissues of most of the lower limb and empties into femoral vein in upper thigh)
32
pathway of femoral artery and vein
- the femoral triangle contains the femoral artery and vein
- descend through femoral triangle to its apex where they pass into the adductor (Hunter's) canal deep to sartorius and superficial to adductor magnus
- from canal they pass through the adductor hiatus to the posterior knee where they become the popliteal artery and vein
33
femoral nerve
- one of the largest in the leg
- innervates the quadriceps muscles and skin of anterior thigh
- runs alongside femoral artery and vein in the femoral triangle
34
obturator nerve
- innervates muscles of medial compartment (adductors) of thigh via motor branches
- innervates skin of medial thigh via cutaneous branch
35
lateral cutaneous nerve
sensory nerve supply to skin on lateral aspect of thigh above knee
36
sciatic nerve
motor innervation to hamstring muscle
37
patellar ligament
continuation of quadriceps tendon, helps keep patella in proper position
38
collateral ligament
lateral and medial collateral ligaments stabilize the hinge motion of the knee, prevents excessive medial and lateral movements
39
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- broader than lateral ligament
| - joins distal femur to the proximal tibia
40
lateral collateral ligament
joins distal femur at head of fibula
41
cruciate ligaments
deep ligaments of knee that prevent the femur and tibia from sliding backward and forward
42
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia on the fixed femur
43
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia on the fixed femur
44
menisci of the knee
- C-shaped fibrocartilaginous pads on the condyles of the tibia
- function to deepen the articular surface of the tibia, increasing stability
- shock absorbers
45
muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
- responsible for plantar flexion of foot at ankle
| - popliteus, gastrocnemius, plantaris
46
popliteus
- deepest muscle of posterior compartment
- origin: lateral femur
- insertion: posterior side of tibia
47
gastrocnemius
- 2 heads that originate on the medial and lateral sides of the femur
- insertion: calcaneus (hence crossing 2 joints)
- can flex leg and foot
48
plantaris
- long thin muscle
- origin: posterolateral femur
- insertion: calcaneus
49
popliteal fossa
diamond shaped area on posterior aspect of knee
| - many important nerves and vessels that travel between thigh and leg found here
50
superior/medial border of the popliteal fossa
semimembranosus
51
superior/lateral border of the popliteal fossa
biceps femoris
52
interior/lateral border of the popliteal fossa
plantaris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius (inferior to plantaris)
53
inferior/medial border of the popliteal fossa
medial head of the gastrocnemius
54
common fibular/peroneal nerve
innervates muscles of the lateral and anterior compartments of the leg
55
tibial nerve
descends posteriorly through popliteal fossa, innervates muscles of posterior leg
56
superficial fibular/peroneal nerve
innervates muscles of lateral compartment of leg
57
deep fibular/peroneal nerve
innervates muscles of anterior compartment of leg
58
contents of popliteal fossa
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common peroneal nerve
59
tarsal bones
7 irregularly shaped bones that make up midfoot and hindfoot
- calcaneus
- talus
- cuboid
- navicular
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
60
calcaneus
forms heel
61
talus
larger bone, part of ankle joint
62
cuboid
square shaped
63
navicular
good landmark b/c of long rectangular shape
64
medial cuneiform
articulates with 1st metatarsal
65
intermediate cuneiform
articulates with 2nd metatarsal
66
lateral cuneiform
articulates with 3rd metatarsal
67
arches of the foot
- 3 arches formed by tarsal and metatarsal bones, supported by ligaments and tendons
- medial longitudinal arch
- lateral longitudinal arch
- transverse arch
- shape allows foot to act like a spring, bearing weight of body and absorbing shock produced during locomotion
68
the ankle joint
- synovial joint
- formed by bones of leg (tibia and fibula) articulating with foot (talus)
- hinge joint permitting dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
- strengthened by tendons and ligaments
69
ligaments of foot and ankle
- deltoid ligament
- spring ligament
- plantar fascia
70
deltoid ligament
- helps stabilize ankle during plantar flexion, external rotation and pronation
- runs between tibia and talus
71
spring ligament/calcaneonavicular ligament
- runs between navicular and calcaneus bone
| - helps stabilize medial longitudinal arch and the talus
72
plantar fascia/plantar aponeurosis
- longest ligament in foot
| - thick fascia that helps to support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
73
intrinsic muscles of the foot
- located in sole of foot
| - collectively act to stabilize arches of foot and individually to control movement of digits
74
extrinsic muscles of foot
- arise from anterior, posterior and lateral compartments of leg
- mainly responsible for eversion, inversion, plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of foot
75
tibialis posterior muscle
important extrinsic muscle attaching onto navicular of foot
76
arterial supply of ankle and foot
- 2 main arteries: dorsalis pedis artery and posterior tibial artery
77
dorsalis pedis artery
- branch of anterior tibial artery
- supplies dorsum of foot
- connected to other more minor branches via anastomoses
78
posterior tibial artery
- travels down posterior ankle where it forms smaller anastomosing branches to supply the plantar surface of the foot
79
venous drainage of foot
- dorsal surface of foot drained by dorsal venous arch
- drains to the small saphenous vein laterally
- drains to the great saphenous vein medially
- dorsal venous arch drains distal structures of foot such as toes via smaller branches
80
tibial nerve
descends in posterior compartment of leg supplying muscles and enters foot to supply intrinsic muscle and skin of plantar surface
81
deep fibular nerve
descends in anterior compartment of leg supplying muscles and part of skin on dorsum of foot
82
superficial fibular nerve
descends lateral compartment of leg supplying muscles and skin of lower anterior leg and most of skin of dorsum of foot
