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Year 2 ABCP > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what types of muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the lower limb and then the posterior compartments

A

In the lower limb, the anterior compartments (thigh and leg) contain extensor muscles.

The posterior compartments (thigh and leg) contain flexor muscles.

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2
Q

describe the venous drainage of the lower limb

A

anterior thigh part 1
slide 6 and 7

Venous blood from superficial structures of the lower limb will drain into the following:
Dorsal venous arch (located on the dorsum of the foot)
Short saphenous vein (located on the posterior aspect of the leg – see next slide)
Great saphenous vein (located on the medial aspect of the leg and medial thigh)
The great saphenous vein drains into the femoral vein within the femoral triangle.

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3
Q

briefly describe the arterial supply of the lower limb

A

anterior thigh part 1
slide 8

The principal artery within the lower limb is the femoral artery – a continuation of the external iliac artery.

The femoral artery gives off the profunda femoris artery as a branch. This vessel is also known at the deep artery of the thigh.

The femoral artery enters the adductor hiatus and on passing through this opening the vessel becomes the popliteal artery.

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4
Q

name the Quadriceps group of muscles

A

Rectus femoris m.
Vastus medialis m.
Vastus intermedius m. (next slide) Vastus lateralis m.

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5
Q

what forms the base, medial border, lateral border and apex of the femoral triangle

A

The base of the femoral triangle is formed by the inguinal ligament.

The medial border is formed by the lateral border of the adductor longus m.

The lateral border is formed by the medial border of the sartorius m.

The apex is located where the sartorius and adductor longus mm. overlap.

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6
Q

what forms the floor of the femoral triangle

A

Pectineus muscle

Iliopsoas muscle (ilacus m. located within the iliac fossa and psoas major muscle located on the posterior abdominal wall join together). This muscle is a powerful flexor of the lower limb at the hip joint.

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7
Q

describe the contents of the femoral triangle

A

The following structures are located within the femoral triangle, from medial to lateral:
Femoral vein Femoral artery Femoral nerve

Both the femoral vein and femoral artery are enclosed within the femoral sheath (a tube of fascia).

Note that the femoral nerve is not enclosed within the femoral sheath.

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8
Q

what structures are located in the femoral sheath

A

The femoral sheath is sub- divided into 3 compartments:

Lateral compartment: contains the femoral a.

Intermediate compartment: contains the femoral v.

Medial compartment: contains the femoral canal

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9
Q

describe the boundaries of the sub-sartorial canal

A

The boundaries of the sub-sartorial canal are:

Anteromedially:
sartorius m.

Anterolaterally: vastus medialis m.

Posteriorly: adductor longus m. and adductor magnus m.

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10
Q

• Name the structures that travel within the sub-sartorial canal

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve (a cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve) Nerve to vastus medialis

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11
Q

what type of movement occurs at the ankle joint

A

The following movements take place at the ankle joint: dorsiflexion (extension of the foot at the ankle joint) and plantarflexion (flexion of the foot at the ankle joint).

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12
Q

what movements take place at the sub-tala joint

A

Anterior and Lateral Compartments of the Leg. Dorsum of Foot. lecture
slide 4

inversion and eversion

Note that both of these movements take place at the sub-talar joint and not at the ankle joint

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13
Q

function of tibialis anterior m

A

inversion

works w. tibialis posterior

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14
Q

function of extensor digitorum longus m

A

extend (bring towards you) all toes except great toe

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15
Q

function of extensor hallucis longus m

A

extend great toe

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16
Q

combined function of
tibialis anterior m
extensor digitorum longus m
extensor hallucis longus m

A

extend for at ankle joint

dorsiflexion

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17
Q

combined function of fibularis longus m and fibularis brevis m

A

evert foot

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18
Q

what nerve may be damaged if there is a fraction of the neck of the fibula

A

common fibular nerve

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19
Q

what two nerves does the common fibular nerve split in to

A

superficial fibular nerve

deep fibular nerve

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20
Q

what muscles does the superficial fibular nerve innervate

A

fibularis longus and brevis muscles

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21
Q

what muscles does the deep fibular nerve innervate

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus

then in the foot:
extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis

22
Q

what artery provides arterial supply to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

anterior tibial artery

23
Q

what artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg

A

fibular artery

24
Q

name the terminal branches of the popliteal artery

A

anterior tibial artery

posterior tibial artery

25
Q

name the three ligaments of the hip joint

A

Iliofemoral ligament: this y-shaped ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

Ischiofemoral ligament

Pubofemoral ligament

26
Q

function of illiofemoral ligament

A

this y-shaped ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

27
Q

describe the arterial supply of the hip joint

A

The hip joint receives arterial supply from:

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries – both of these vessels arise as branches of the profunda femoris artery.

28
Q

describe innervation of the hip joint

A

The hip joint receives innervation from the sciatic, obturator and femoral nerves.

29
Q

innervation of piriformis m

A

innervated by nerve to piriformus

30
Q

innervation of superior gemellus m

A

nerve to obturator internus

31
Q

innervation of inferior gemellus m

A

nerve to quadrates femoris

32
Q

innervation of quadrates femoris m

A

innervated by nerve to quadratus femoris

33
Q

innervation of gluteus Maximus

A

inferior gluteal nerve

34
Q

innervation of gluteus medius

A

superior gluteal nerve

35
Q

innervation of gluteus minimus

A

superior gluteal nerve

36
Q

movement produced by gluteus Maximus m

A

extensor of lower limbs at hip joint

37
Q

movement produced by gluteus medius m

A

abduction of lower limb at hip joint

38
Q

movement produced by gluteus minimus m

A

abduction of lower limb at hip

39
Q

what is the Clinical Relevance: Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus Muscles

A

Both the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles will keep the pelvis level when the lower limb at the same side of the body is weight-bearing, thereby preventing pelvic drop (image B).
Image C shows pelvic drop following paralysis of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus mm.

40
Q

movement produced by the piriformis m

A

lateral rotation of the lower limb

41
Q

movement produced by the Superior gemellus m., Obturator internus m., Inferior gemellus m., Quadratus femoris m.

A

work with piriform to produce lateral rotation of the lower limb at the hip joint

42
Q

biceps femoris

origin, insertion, innervation and actions

A

ACTION:

  • assist gluteus with extension of ll at hip
  • flexion of ll at knee
  • allows for small amount of lateral rotation when there is flexion at the knee

ORIGIN:

  • Long head: ischial tuberosity
  • short head: lines aspera

INSERTION:
- head of fibula

INNERVATION:
- sciatic nerve

43
Q

semitendinosus

origin, insertion, innervation and actions

A

ACTION:

  • assist gluteus with extension of ll at hip
  • flexion of ll at knee
  • allow small amount of medial rotation when there is flexion at the knee

ORIGIN:
- ischial tuberosity

INSERTION:
- upper anterior aspect of proximal tibia

INNERVATION:
- sciatic nerve

44
Q

semimembranosus

origin, insertion, innervation and actions

A

ACTION:

  • assist gluteus with extension of ll at hip
  • flexion of ll at knee
  • allow small amount of medial rotation when there is flexion at the knee

ORIGIN:
- ischial tuberosity

INSERTION:
- proximal tibia - higher up than semitendinosus

INNERVATION:
- sciatic nerve

45
Q

Boundaries and contents of popliteal fossa

A

upper lateral boundary:
- biceps femoris m

upper medial boundary:
- semitendinosus and semimembrenosus

gastrocnemius m = lower lateral and medial boundaries

Roof:
- skin and fascia

Floor:
- popliteal muscle

CONTENTS:

  • popliteal artery and vein
  • tibial nerve
  • common fibular nerve
46
Q

innervation and ac ton of gastrocnemius

A

tibial n

flex ll at knee
flex foot at ankle (plantarflex)

47
Q

innervation and action of soleus

A

tibial n

tendon joins calcaneal tendon so therefore plantarfelxion

48
Q

innervation and action of tibias posterior

A

tibial n

invert foot

49
Q

innervation and action of flexor hallucis longus

A

tibial n

flex great toe

50
Q

innervation and action of flexor digitorum longus

A

tibial n

flex all digits of foot except big toe

51
Q

innervation and action of popliteus

A

tibial n

unlocks the knee joint

52
Q

boundaries and contents of tarsal tunnel

A

The floor is a concave surface formed by the medial aspect of the tibia, talus and calcaneus.

It is converted into a tunnel by the flexor retinaculum, which spans obliquely between the medial malleolus and the medial tubercle of the calcaneus to form the roof.

Contents:
The tarsal tunnel acts as a passageway for tendons, nerves and vessels to travel between the posterior leg and the foot. Its contents (anterior to posterior) are:

Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
The mnemonic Tom, Dick and a Very Nervous Harry can be used to aid recall of these structures.

Year 2 ABCP (3 decks)

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