Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 superficial veins of the lower limbs?
A
Small Saphenous Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
2
Q
Which superficial vein of the leg drains into the popliteal vein?
A
Small saphenous vein
3
Q
Which superficial vein drains into the femoral vein?
A
Great saphenous vein
4
Q
What are varicose veins?
A
Dilated superficial veins due to incompetent valves
5
Q
What do all the deep veins of the lower limbs accompany?
A
Accompany all the major arteries in the limbs
6
Q
Name the deep veins of the legs
A
External iliac vein Femoral vein Popliteal vein Posterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein
7
Q
What are the 2 categories of lymphatic vessels in the lower limb?
A
Superficial and deep
8
Q
Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein drain into?
A
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
9
Q
Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein drain into?
A
Popliteal lymph nodes
10
Q
What type of joint is the hip joint?
A
Synovial ball and socket joint
11
Q
Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?
A
Because the ball of the hip is almost entirely surrounded by the socket of the pelvis
12
Q
What are the 3 groups of lymph nodes draining the lower limbs?
A
Superficial inguinal
Deep inguinal
Popliteal lymph nodes
13
Q
What is a dermatome?
A
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
14
Q
Which dermatome covers the medial knee?
A
L3
15
Q
Which dermatome covers the little toe?
A
S1
16
Q
Which dermatome covers the sole of the food?
A
S1
17
Q
Which dermatome covers the popliteal area of the back of the leg?
A
S2
18
Q
Which dermatome covers the anterior upper thigh?
A
L2
19
Q
What makes up the hip joint?
A
Femur head
Pelvic acetabulum
20
Q
What is the acetabular labrum?
A
Fibocartilagenus collar
21
Q
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
A
Deepen the acetabulum to stabilise the joint
22
Q
What are the 3 main ligaments of the hip joint?
A
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
23
Q
Which hip ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint
A
Iliofemoral ligament
24
Q
Which hip ligament prevents hyperabduction of the hip joint?
A
Pubofemoral ligament
25
What are the movements at the hip joint?
```
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral (external) rotation
Medial (internal) rotation
```
26
Name the 4 flexor muscles of the hip?
Psoas Major M.
Iliacus M.
Pectineus M.
Sartorius M.
27
Which 2 hip flexors arise from the inner pelvic and posterior abdominal walls?
Psoas major
| Iliacus
28
What is the iliopsoas
Combined muscle of the psoas major and the iliacus
These muscles are separate in the abdomen
But conjoin in the thigh
29
What is the common insertion of the iliopsoas muscle
Lesser trochanter of the femur
30
Which muscles extend the hip joint?
```
Gluteus maximus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Posterior part adductor magnus
```
31
Which muscle is the chief flexor of the hip?
Iliopsoas
32
Which muscle is the main extensor of the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus
33
Where are the adductor muscles of the thigh located?
In the medial compartment of the thigh
34
Name the 5 hip adductor muscles (muscles that adduct the thigh at the hip joint)
```
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
```
35
Which nerve generally supplies the adductor compartment?
Obturator nerve
36
Where does the obturator nerve exit the pelvis?
Obturator canal which passes through the obturator foramen
37
What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve
L2-L4
38
What is the action of the adductor longus?
Adduction thigh at hip
39
What is the action of the Adductor magnus
Adduction thigh at hip
40
What is the action of the adductor brevis
Adduction thigh at hip
41
What is the action of the obturator externus muscle
Adduction thigh at hip
| Lateral rotation hip
42
Are the abductors of the hip located in the lateral compartment of the thigh?
No there is no such thing as the lateral or abductor compartment of the thigh like there is for the adductors
43
Name the hip abductors
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
Piriformis
44
What is the attachment of the deep gluteal muscles?
Greater trochanter of the femur
45
Where do lateral (external) rotators of the hip cross the joint?
On the posterior surface of the joint
46
Where do the median (internal) rotator of the hip cross the joint?
Anterior surface of the joint
47
Name the 6 lateral (external) rotators of the hip
```
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Gemelli (superior and inferior)
Quadratus femoris
```
48
What is the action of the piriformis muscle?
External/lateral rotator of the hip
| Abduction of hip
49
What is the action of the obturator internus muscle
External/lateral rotation of the hip
50
What is the action of the superior and inferior gemelli muscles?
Lateral rotation of the thigh/hip
51
What is the action of the obturator externus muscle
Lateral/external rotation of thigh at the hip
| Adduction at the hip
52
Name the 3 medial (internal) rotators of the hip
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
53
What is the action of the gluteus maximus
Extension thigh at hip joint
54
Action of the gluteus medius
Abduction
and
Medial rotation of hip
55
Action of the gluteus minimus
Abduction and medial rotation at hip
56
Action of the tensor fascia latae
Abduction and medial (external) rotation at hip
57
Which muscles also contribute to medial rotation of the thigh WHEN THE KNEE IS FLEXED!
Hamstring muscles
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
58
What 3 compartments are the muscles of the anterior thigh organised into?
Anterior/quadriceps/extensors of the knee
Medial/adductors (hip)
Posterior/hamstrings/flexors of the knee
59
How many heads does the quadriceps femoris have?
4 heads
60
Which compartment of the leg is the quadriceps femoris the main bulk of?
Anterior thigh region
61
What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus Medialis
Rectus femoris
62
Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?
Femoral nerve
63
What is special about the rectus femoris head of the quadriceps femoris?
Only muscle to cross both the hip and the knee joint
64
What is the action of the rectus femoris?
Extends the hip
| Flexes the knee
65
What do the 4 parts of the quadriceps unite to form?
Quadriceps tendon
66
To which part of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach?
Tibial tuberosity
67
What does the quadriceps tendon continue as distal to the patella?
Patellar ligament
68
What is the action of the vastus medialis, lateralis and intermedius
Extension of the knee
69
On which joint does the sartorius muscle act on?
Hip and Knee
70
Which is the long ribbon like muscle of the leg
Sartorius
71
What are the 3 actions of the sartorius on the hip joint
Flexion
Abduction
Lateral rotation
72
What is the action of the Sartorius on the knee
Flexion
73
On which surface does the sartorius muscle cross the hip
Anterior
| As it flexes
74
On which surface does the sartorius muscle cross the knee joint
Posterior
| As it extends
75
Which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?
Obturator nerve
76
Through which bony foramen does the nerve that innervates the medial thigh muscles enter the thigh?
Obturator foramen
77
What is adductor hiatus a passageway between
The adductor magnus and the femur
78
Which structures pass through the adductor hiatus?
Femoral artery
| Femoral vein
79
Femoral artery is a continuation of which artery?
External iliac artery
80
When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery
As it passes under the inguinal ligament
81
What surface features can be used to locate the femoral artery
Pubic symphysis
| Anterior superior iliac spine
82
Name the large branch of the femoral artery which passes posterior towards the hamstrings
Popliteal artery
83
The femoral vein is the continuation of which vein?
Popliteal vein
84
The femoral vein crosses under the inguinal ligament to continue as which larger vein?
External iliac vein
85
Which 2 important veins drain into the femoral triangle?
Profunda femoris vein
| Great saphenous
86
What is cannulation of the femoral vein used for in practice?
Right cardiac angiography
87
Which nerve is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus
Femoral nerve
88
How does the femoral nerve pass to the inguinal ligament?
Deep
89
Name the structures of the femoral triangle lateral to medial
Nerve
Artery
Vein
90
Which muscles are supplied by the femoral nerve
Pectineus
Iliacus
Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris
91
What is the femoral triangle?
Triangular depression below the inguinal ligament
92
What is the medial border of the femoral triangle
Medial border border of adductor longus
93
What is the lateral borders of the femoral triangle
Medial border of Sartorius muscle
94
Which structure forms the base/roof of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament
95
What are the 3 major contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
96
What is the femoral sheath
Funnel shaped fascial tube
97
What are the contents of the femoral canal
Lymphatic vessels
98
What are the 3 compartments of the femoral sheath?
Lateral
Intermediate
Medial
99
What is the content of the lateral femoral sheath?
Femoral artery
100
What is the content of the intermediate femoral sheath?
Femoral vein
101
What is the content of the medial femoral sheath?
Femoral canal
102
What are the contents of the Adductor Canal
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve)
Nerve to vastus medialis (branch of femoral nerve)
103
What does the adductor canal allow the femoralartery to beomce?
Allows the anterior femoral artery to become the posterior popliteal artery
104
Which nerve roots contribute to the formation of the lumbar plexus?
Ventral rami of L1-L4
105
What are the 2 main branches of the lumbar plexus?
Obturator nerve
| Femoral nerve
106
Which compartment of the thigh does the obturator nerve innervate?
Adductor (hip)/medial compartment
107
Which compartment of the thigh does the femoral nerve innervate?
Anterior/quadriceps
108
What is the root value of the obturator nerve?
L2-L4
109
What are the root values of the femoral nerve?
L2-L4
110
What are the 6 major peripheral nerves originating from the lumbar plexus
```
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Genitofemoral
Lateral cutaneous nerve
Obturator
Femoral
```
111
How is the pelvic girdle joined anteriorly
Pubic symphysis
112
How is the pelvic girdle joined posteriorly
Sacroiliac joints
113
Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis
Greater sciatic foramen
114
Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the perineum
Lesser sciatic foramen
115
Which 2 ligaments create the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
Sacrotuberous ligament
| Sacrospinous ligament
116
What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect?
Sacrum
| Ischial tuberosity
117
What does the sacrospinous ligament connect?
Sacrum
| Ischial spine
118
Name the 4 superficial gluteal muscles
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
119
Name the 4 deep gluteal muscles
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
120
Action of gluteus maximus muscle
Main extensor thigh at hip
| External/lateral rotation
121
Action of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Abductors and medial/internal rotators of the hip
122
What is the insertion of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Greater trochanter
123
What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal nerve
124
What is the innervation of the gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae
Superior gluteal nerve
125
Which 2 muscles attach to the iliotibial tract
Tensor fascia latae
| Gluteus maximus
126
What is the action of the deep gluteal muscles on the hip joint
Stabilisers of hip joint
| Lateral rotators of hip
127
Anterior to which posterior pelvic muscle is the sacral plexus found
Anterior to Piriformis muscle
128
What are the root values of the sacral plexus
Ventral rami L4,L5 and S1-S4
129
What nerves are the 2 main branches of the sacral plexus
Pudendal nerve
| Sciatic nerve
130
What is the root value of the superior gluteal nerve
L4-S1
131
Which muscles are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae
132
What are the roots values of the inferior gluteal nerve
L5-S2
133
Which muscle in the gluteal region does the inferior gluteal nerve supply
Gluteus maximus
134
What are the branches of the sacral plexus
```
Superior gluteal n
Inferior gluteal n
Sciatic n
Posterior femoral cutaneous n
Pudendal nerve
```
135
Which is the largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
136
What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve
L4, L5
| S1-S3
137
Inferior to which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge in the gluteal region
Piriformis muscle
138
What are the 2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
| Common fibular nerve
139
What are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve
S2-S4
140
What does the pudendal nerve innervate?
Skeletal muscle in perineum
141
Does the sciatic nerve innervate any muscles in the gluteal region?
No
142
Which muscles does the sciatic nerve innervate?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Hamstring portion of adductor magnus
143
How many heads does the biceps femoris have?
2
144
Which is the most lateral muscle of the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris
145
What is the action of the hamstrings on the hip joint?
Extension of thigh at hip joint
146
What is the action of the hamstrings on the knee joint
Flexion of the knee
147
Which nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles
Sciatic nerve
148
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial hinge type joint
149
What are the 2 main movements occurring at the knee joint
Flexion
| Extension
150
Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint
Fibula
151
Where does the fibular/lateral ligament extend from and to?
Lateral epicondyle of the femur
To
Lateral condyle of the fibula
152
The tibial/medial extends from where to?
Medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia and the medial meniscus
153
What is the medial collateral ligament firmly attached to at its midpoint?
Medial meniscus
154
What are the 2 cruciate ligaments of the knee?
Anterior
| Posterior
155
What is the function of anterior cruciate ligament
Prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia into the femur
| Prevents the tibia from moving forwards
156
How do the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments lie in relation to each other
Cross each other obliquely to form an X
157
What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament
Prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia into the femur
| Prevents the tibia from moving backwards
158
Which has a relatively poor blood supply anterior or posterior cruciate ligament?
Anterior cruciate ligament
159
What is the clinical significance of the poor blood supply of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Prone to injury
| Poor healing process
160
What are the menisci?
C shapes plates of cartilage
161
Where are the menisci located?
Articular surface of the tibia
162
Name the 2 meniscii of the knee
Medial meniscus
| Lateral meniscus
163
What are the main function of the knee menisci
Deepen articular surfaces on the tibia thus increasing joint stability
Shock absorbers
164
Which knee meniscus is firmly adhered to the medial collateral ligament?
Medial meniscus
165
What are the 2 main movements of the knee joint?
Flexion
| Extension
166
When can lateral and medial rotation of the knee occur?
When the knee is flexed
| ONLY!!
167
Which muscles cause extension of the knee?
Quadriceps femoris!!
168
Which muscles cause flexion of the knee
Hamstrings (semitendinosis, semimembranosis, biceps femoris)
Gracilis
Sartorius
Popliteus
169
What is the function of the popliteus
Unlocking of the knee
| To allow flexion
170
What are bursae?
Synovial fluid filled sacs surrounding a joint
171
Name the bursae of the knee
```
Suprapatellar
Superficial Infrapatellar
Deep infrapatellar
Pre-patellar
Semimembranosus
```
172
Where is the suprapatellar bursae located?
Superior to the patellar
173
Where is the semimembranosus bursae located?
Posterior to the knee joint
174
Where is the superficial infrapatellar bursae located
Inferior to patellar
| Subcutaneously
175
Where is the deep infrapatellar bursae located?
Inferior to patellar
| Deep
176
Where is the pre-patellar bursae located?
Anterior to the patellar
177
What type of bone is the patellar bone
Sesamoid bone
178
What are the 3 compartment of lower leg muscles
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
179
Name the 4 muscles of the anterior leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor Hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
180
What is the main action of the tibialis anterior muscle
Dorsiflexion ankle
181
What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus
Dorsiflexion ankle
| Extension toes
182
What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus
Dorsiflexion ankle
| Extension big toe
183
What are the 2 divisions of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial nerve
| Common Fibular nerve
184
Which nerve innervates the anterior lower leg muscles
Deep fibular nerve
| Branch of common fibular nerve
185
What is the deep fibular nerve a branch of?
Common fibular nerve
186
Innervation of tibialis anterior muscle
Deep fibular nerve
187
Innervation of Digitorum digitorum longus
Deep fibular nerve
188
Innervation of extensor hallucis longus
Deep fibular n.
189
What are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
Fibularis longus m.
| Fibularis brevis m.
190
What is the action of the lateral muscles of the lower limb
Eversion of foot
191
Action of fibularis longus m
Eversion foot
192
Action of fibularis brevis m.
Eversion foot
193
Which nerve innervates the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
Superficial fibular nerve
194
Which artery can be palpated on the dorsum of the foot
Dorsalis pedis artery
195
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial hinge joint
196
What are the articular surfaces of the ankle joint?
Distal end of tibia and fibular
| Superior talus
197
When is the malleolar grip stronged?
Dorsiflexion movement
198
When is the malleolar grip weakest/ankle joint unstable?
Plantarflexion
199
What are the 2 ligaments of the ankle joint?
Medial
| Lateral
200
Which ligament of the ankle joint is named the deltoid ligament?
Medial Ligament
201
Which muscles cause dorsiflexion of the foot
Anterior lower leg muscles
202
Which muscles cause plantar flexion of the foot?
Posterior lower leg muscles
203
What type of joint is the superior/proximal tibio-fibular joint?
Synovial plane
204
What type of joint is the distal/inferior tibio-fibular joint?
Fibrous joint
205
Which muscle forms the upper medial border of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus muscle
206
Which muscle forms the upper lateral border of the popliteal fossa?
Biceps femoris
207
Which muscle forms the inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Inferolateral - medial head gastrocnemius
| Inferomedial - lateral head gastrocnemius
208
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
```
Fat
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
```
209
Which artery is the popliteal artery a continuation of?
Femoral artery
210
Which vein drains into the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa?
Small saphenous vein
211
What are the muscles of the posterior lower leg split divided into
Superficial
| Deep
212
What is the action of the gastrocnemius
Plantarflexion ankle
| Flexion knee
213
What are the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius
Lateral head
| Medial head
214
Which nerve innervates the gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve
215
What is the action of the plantaris m
Plantar flexion ankle
| Flexion knee
216
Which nerve innervates the plantaris muscle
Tibial nerve
217
Is the soleus muscle deep or superficial to the gastrocnemius muscle
Deep
218
Name the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
219
What is the innervation of the soleus muscle
Tibial nerve
220
Which nerve innervates all posterior compartment lower leg muscles
Tibial nerve
221
Which muscles converge to form the calcaneal/achilles tendon?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
222
Name the 4 deep lower leg posterior muscles
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
223
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus
Plantar surface lateral 4 toes
224
What is the insertion of the flexor hallucis longus
Plantar surface 1st/big toe
225
What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus
Flexes big toe
226
What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus
Flexes 4 lateral toes
227
What is the action of the tibialis posterior
Plantarflexion ankle
| Inversion
228
What is the action of the popliteus muscle
Laterally rotates femur on tibia
| Unlocking knee so flexion can occur
229
What is the innervation of the popliteus
Tibial nerve
230
Innervation flexor digitorum longus
Tibial nerve
231
Innervation flexor hallucis longus
Tibial nerve
232
Innervation Tibialis posterior
Tibial nerve
233
Name the tarsal bones
```
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms (x3)
```
234
What is the name of the deep fascia located on the sole of the foot
Plantar aponeurosis
235
At which joint do eversion and inversion of the foot occur?
Subtalar joint
236
Which 2 bones form the subtalar joint
Talus
| Calcaneus
237
How many layers are there to the feet muscles
4 layers
238
Which are the 2 main nerves of the foot
Lateral and Medial Plantar Nerve
239
Name the 3 muscles of the first layer of the foot
Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
240
What are the 2 terminal branches of the tibial nerve
Medial Plantar n.
| Lateral Plantar n.
241
Which are the terminal 2 branches of the posterior tibial artery which supply the foot
Medial Plantar Artery
| Lateral Plantar Artery
242
What is the action of the plantar interossei
Adduction toes
243
What are the action of the dorsal interossei
Abduction toes
244
Name the 2 muscles of the second layer of the foot
Quadratus Plantae
| Lumbricals
