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Lower Limb Bones Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • Sacroiliac joints
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Complete bony ring (closed posteriorly) : stability
  • Transfers body weight from spine to femurs
  • Supports lower limbs
  • Protects abdomen, pelvis & perineum
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2
Q

Ilium

A
  • thick medial body: joins ischium & pubis to form acetabulum
  • thin lateral ala: ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS
  • gluteal lines: origins of gluteal muscles
  • PIIS marks superior border of greater sciatic notch
  • medial surface- iliac fossa –> iliacus muscle
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3
Q

Ischium

A
  • thick upper body contributes to acetabulum
  • ischial spine: lower border of greater sciatic notch, upper border to lesser sciatic notch
  • ischial tuberosity: lower border of lesser sciatic notch, sits bone
  • Ramus: joins inferior ramus of pubis, inferior border of obturator foramen
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4
Q

Pubis

A
  • medial bodies articulate at symphysis pubis: bear pubic crest & tubercles
  • laterally projecting superior & inferior rami: contribute anterior portion of acetabulum, complete obturator foramen
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5
Q

Obturator Foramen

A
  • mostly covered by obturator membrane & muscles

- obturator nerve & vessels

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6
Q

Acetabulum

A

Acetabular notch, “chipped cup”

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7
Q

Sacrotuberous Ligament

A
  • posterior ilium, lateral sacrum, & coccyx to ischial tuberosity
  • converts sciatic notches into sciatic foramen
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8
Q

Sacrospinous Ligament

A
  • lateral sacrum & coccyx to ischial spine

- subdivides sciatic foramen into greater and lesser sciatic foramina (GSF & LSF)

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9
Q

Greater Sciatic Foramina (GSF)

A

-between true pelvis & gluteal region

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10
Q

Lesser Sciatic Foramina (LSF)

A

-between gluteal region & perineum

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11
Q

Femur

A
  • longest and heaviest
  • proximal: head, neck (weakest), greater/lesser trochanters
  • shaft
  • distal: medial/lateral condyles
  • patella: large sesamoid bone within quadriceps tendon, protects tendon when kneeling
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12
Q

Proximal Femur

A
  • head/neck angled in relation to shaft
  • 125 degrees
  • mechanical advantages for bipedal walking
  • head/neck angled in relation to condyles
  • angle of declination/torsion (7-12 degrees)
  • lesser trochanter projects posteromedial: illiopsoas
  • greater trochanter projects superior & posterior
  • intertrochanteric line anterior
  • intertrochanteric crest posterior
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13
Q

Femoral Shaft

A
  • slightly convex anteriorly

- posterior ridge: linea aspera

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14
Q

Linea Aspera

A
  • insertion of adductors
  • medial & lateral lips
  • medial lip –> spiral lip –> intertrochanteric line
  • lateral lip –> gluteal tuberosity
  • intermediate lip (pectineal line) –> lesser trochanter
  • medial & lateral supracondylar lines
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15
Q

Distal Femur

A
  • medial & lateral condyles
  • convex inferiorly & posteriorly
  • allows tibial condyles to glide
  • separated by intercondylar fossa
  • medial & lateral epicondyles, adductor tubercle
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16
Q

Proximal Tibia

A
  • proximal widening
  • medial & lateral condyles
  • tibial plateau
  • intercondylar eminence
  • tibial (gerdy) tubercle: iliotibial tract
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17
Q

Triangular Shaft of Tibia

A
  • anterior tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament)
  • lateral interosseous membrane
  • posterior soleal line
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18
Q

Distal Widening of Tibia

A
  • medial malleolus

- articulates with talus

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19
Q

Fibula

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A
  • non weight bearing

- attachment for 9 muscles

20
Q

Proximal Fibula

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A

-common fibular nerve compression

21
Q

Distal Expansion of Fibula

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A
  • lateral malleolus
  • more prominent & distal than medial malleolus
  • malleoli form mortise for talus
22
Q

Talus

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A
  • gripped by 2 malleoli
  • transmits weight to calcaneus & metatarsals
  • only tarsal with no muscle attachments
  • Head: keystone of medial arch
  • Body: medial & lateral tubercles, groove for flexor hallucis longus tendon
23
Q

Calcaneus

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A
  • transmits weight to ground through calcaneal tuberosity
  • shelf-like medial sustentaculum tali
  • Calcaneal (achilles) tendon insertion
24
Q

Sustantaculum tali

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A
  • supports head of talus

- pulley for flexor hallucis longus

25
Lateral Fibular Trochlea
-pulley for fibularis longus & brevis
26
Navicular
- boat-shaped - medial longitudinal arch - inferior navicular tuberosity: tibialis posterior
27
Cuboid
- cube-shaped - lateral longitudinal arch - groove for fibularis longus (on plantar aspect)
28
Cuneiforms
- 1st medial, largest - 2nd intermediate, smallest - 3rd lateral - medial longitudinal arch
29
Metatarsals
1st: shortest, widest, distal, medial & lateral sesamoid bones 2nd: longest 1st-3rd: articulates with corresponding cuneiforms 4th-5th: articulates with cuboid 5th: proximal tuberosity overlaps cuboid
30
Hallux
Proximal & distal | Short & strong
31
2nd-5th phalanges
-proximal, middle & distal
32
Sacral Plexus
Ventral rami L4-S4 1. Sciatic 2. Pudendal 3. Superior Gluteal 4. Inferior Gluteal 5. Nerve to quadratus femoris 6. Nerve to obturator internus 7. Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
33
Gluteus Maximus
-Largest heaviest muscle O: ilium, sacrotuberous ligament I: iliotibial tract (75%), gluteal tuberosity (25%) A: extends, laterally rotates thigh N: innervated by inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
34
Tensor Fascia Latae
O:ASIS, anterior iliac crest I: IT band, tibial tubercle A: Flexes, abducts, medially rotates thigh (weakly) N: superior gluteal nerve
35
Iliotibial Tract
- lateral thickening of fascia lata - shared aponeurosis of gluteus maximums & tensor fascia latae - extends to anterolateral tibial plateau (Gerdy tubercle) - fixed to linea aspera via lateral intermuscular septum - common insertion of gluteus maximus & tensor fascia latae onto linea aspera & Gerdy's tubercle
36
Gluteus Medius
O: between anterior & posterior gluteal lines I: greater trochanter A: abduct & medially rotate thigh N: superior gluteal nerve
37
Gluteus Minimus
O: between anterior and inferior gluteal lines I: greater trochanter A: abduct & medially rotate thigh N: superior gluteal nerve
38
Piriformis
O: anterior sacral surface I: greater trochanter A: laterally rotates thigh N: innervated by ventral rami of s1 & s2 -Key gluteal landmark for superior and inferior gluteal artery/nerve -leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
39
Triceps Coxae
Obturator internus, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior | -all are incapable of independent action
40
Obturator Internus
O: pelvic surface of obturator membrane I: intertrochanteric fossa A: laterally rotate thigh N: nerve to obturator internus
41
Gemellus Superior
O: ischial spine I: intertrochanteric fossa A: laterally rotate thigh N: nerve to obturator internus
42
Gemellus Inferior
O: Ischial tuberosity I: intertrochanteric fossa A: laterally rotates thigh N: nerve to quadratus femoris
43
Quadratus Femoris
O: ischial tuberosity I: intertrochanteric crest A: laterally rotates thigh N: nerve to quadratus femoris
44
Obturator Externus
O: anterior surface of obturator membrane I: trochanteric fossa of femur A: lateral rotates thigh
45
Femoral Fractures
- common - femoral neck - common in >60 y/o F with osteoporosis - intracapsular involvement: risk for avascular necrosis, hip arthroplasty
46
What is inferior to the piriformis?
- pudendal nerve - internal pudendal artery - nerve to obturator internus - inferior gluteal artery & nerve - posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh - sciatic nerve
47
Gluteal Injections
-caution sciatic & superior gluteal nerve -thickest part of region is unsafe -upper outer quadrant Bony landmarks: greater trochanter, PSIS (skin dimple), ASIS (TFL)

Anatomy (4 decks)

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