Lower Limbs Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are the 5 ligaments of the hip joint?
- Ligament of the femoral head (intracapsular)
- Transverse acetabular ligament (stems from acetabular labrum)
(extracapsular)
• Iliofemoral ligament
• Pubofemoral ligament
• Ischiofemoral ligament
What movements is gluteus medius and minimus involved in?
- Internal rotation
- Abduction
- Extension (medius)
- Flexion
What are the tarsals of the foot?
- Calcaneus
- Talus (articulates with calcaneus)
- Cuboid (articulates with calcaneus)
- Navicular (more medial)
- Medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform
What movement occurs at the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Eversion and inversion of the foot
What movements occur at the metatasophalangeal joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction of the foot
What is the hallux?
Big toe (proximal + distal phalanges)
What are the key superficial muscles of the pelvic girdle of interest
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fascia latae
What is the function and innervation of the gluteus maximus?
- Main extensor of the thigh
- Assists in lateral rotation
- Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the function, position and innervation of the tensor fascia latae?
- Abducts and medially rotates the thigh
- From ASIS, then inserting into iliotibial tract (like some fibres of gluteus maximus)
- Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
What are the deep muscles of the pelvic girdle and their function?
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Superior and inferior gamelli
- Quadratus femoris
- Laterally rotate and weakly abduct the thigh
- Stabilise the femoral head within the acetabulum
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh and their innervation?
- Iliopsoas (merging of iliacus and psoas major)
- Pectineus
- Sartorius
- Quadriceps femoris (vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris)
All innervated by the Femoral nerve
What is the function of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
- Iliopsoas - flexion and lateral rotation of the thigh
- Pectineus - flexion and adduction of hip joint
- Sartorius - flexion, lateral rotation and weak abduction of the thigh
- Quadriceps femoris - flexion at hip joint and extension at knee joint
What are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh, their function, innervation + main blood supply?
Anterior branch of obturator nerve
• Gracillis - adduction of thigh and flexion of leg
• Adductor brevis - adduct the thigh
• Adductor longus - adduct the thigh
Posterior branch of obturator nerve
• Adductor magnus - adduct the thigh (adductor part), flexion, extension (hamstring part = sciatic nerve)
• Obturator externus - adduction and lateral rotation of thigh
Obturator artery supplies these muscles
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh, their functions and innervation?
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
aka. hamstrings, they:
• Extend the thigh at the hip joint
• Flex the leg at the knee joint
When the knee is flexed:
• Biceps femoris externally rotates the leg
• Semitendinosus and semimembranosus internally rotates the leg
Innervation: sciatic nerve
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg, their functions and innervation + blood supply?
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor hallucis longus
• Collectively dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint (standing on heels)
- Innervation: deep fibular nerve
- Blood supply: anterior tibial artery
What innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve (terminal branch of sciatic nerve)
What are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg and their functions?
- Plantaris
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- All join to form the calcaneal tendon - plantar flexion
- Attached to the femur - flexion of the knee joint
What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg and their functions?
- Popliteus - rotates the femur on the tibia
- Tibialis posterior - inverts and plantarflexes the foot
- Flexor hallucis longus - flexion of hallux
- Flexor digitorum longus - flexion of lateral 4 digits
What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg, their functions and innervation?
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
- Eversion of the foot
- Innervation: peroneal nerve
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
- Inguinal ligament
- Medial border of sartorius
- Medial border of adductor longus
Which nerve segments does the knee reflex test?
L3, 4 (femoral nerve)
Which nerve segments does the ankle reflex test?
S1, 2
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
- Superomedial - semimembranosus
- Superolateral - biceps femoris
- Inferomedial - medial head of gastrocnemius
- Inferolateral - lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris
