LOWER RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

Question 1

INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS DISORDERS

Answer 1

• BRONCHITIS
• PNEUMONIA (MOST COMMON & SERIOUS)
• BRONCHIECTASIS

Question 2

BRONCHITIS

Answer 2

• INFLAMMATION & INFECTION OF BRONCHIOLES AND TRACHEA
• CHRONIC/ACUTE
• ETIOLOGY: VIRAL, BACTERIAL, PULMONARY IRRITANTS

Question 3

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Answer 3

*ENLARGEMENT & HYPERACTIVITY OF MUCUS SECRETING GLANDS (GOBLET CELLS) CAUSING: INFLAMMATION, NARROW AIRWAYS, DECREASE CILLIARY EFFICIENCY

Question 4

COR PUMONALE

Answer 4

• CARDIAC PROBLEM/RESPIRATORY ETIOLOGY
• RIGHT SIDE HYPERTROFY OF HEART (GOT BIGGER); RIGHT VENTRICULAR IMPAIRMENT-RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE
• SECONDARY TO HYPERTENSION (PULMONARY HTN

Question 5

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF BRONCHITIS

Answer 5

• PRODUCTIVE COUGH THAT PERSISTS FOR SEVERAL MONTHS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR
• DRY HACKING COUGH
• RHONCH(SNORING SOUNDS, MUCUS)I/RALES
• SOB

Question 6

INTERVENTIONS FOR BRONCHITIS

Answer 6

• AIRWAY CLEARANCE
• LOW FLOW O2 (2-3 L)NC
• ANTIBIOTICS
• HYDRATION
• BRONCHODILATORS
• CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY (PERSED LIPS, CLAPPING)
• BREATHING EXERCISES
• SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT

Question 7

POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF BRONCHITIS

Answer 7

• EMPHYSEMA
• COR PULMONALE (SECONDARY TO PULMONARY HTN)
• POLYCYTHEMIA (SECONDARY TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA)

Question 8

PNEUMONIA

Answer 8

• INFECTION/INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNG PARENCHYMA (TISSUE)

* TISSUE FILLS UP WITH EXUDATE, FLUIDS

Question 9

TYPES OF PNEUMONIA

Answer 9

• INFECTIOUS
• NON-INFECTIOUS (ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA)
• COMMUNITY ACQUIRED
• NOSOCOMIAL: HOSPITAL ACQUIRED/HAND WASHING STOPS THIS

Question 10

BRONCOPNEUMONIA

Answer 10

*LOWER LOBES OF LUNG (LOBAR) (CONSOLIDATION) WHITE, CLOUDED AREA (INFILTRATION OF FLUID & EXODATES.

Question 11

PHYAGOCYTOSIS

Answer 11

*EATING OF BACTERIA

Question 12

PNEUMONIA RISK FACTORS

Answer 12

• STREPTOCOCCUS CAUSE OF 70-75% OF ALL CASES

* RISK FACTORS: SMOKE, ELDERLY, IMMUNOCOMPROMISED, IMMOBILITY, ALCOHOLICS/MALNOURISHED

Question 13

CLINCAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PNEUMONIA

Answer 13

• COUGH/SOB
• FEVER/MALAISE/CHILLS
• PLEURITIC PAIN
• TACHYCARDIA/CONFUSION
• INCREASE IN TACTILE FREMITUS
• RALES/RONCHI (SNORING SOUNDS)

Question 14

DIAGNOSIC TESTS FOR PNEUMONIA

Answer 14

• CHEST XRAY;SPUTUM FOR C/S; PRESENTING S&S;ABG RESULTS: INCREASE WBC/DECREASE PULSE OX READING
• PAO2 LOW, PULSE OX LOW

Question 15

INTERVENTIONS FOR PNEUMONIA

Answer 15

*O2,ANTIBIOTICS, HYDRATION, CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPHY, CDB, SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT, PNEUMONIA VACCINE

Question 16

COMPLICATIONS FROM PNEUMONIA

Answer 16

• PLEURISY
• ATELECTASIS (PARTIALLY COLLAPSED LUNG)
• PULMONARY EDEMA
• RESPIRATORY FAILURE

*PCP (PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINNI PNEUMONIA)
SECONDARY TO AIDS)

Question 17

BRONCHIECTASIS

Answer 17

• GLUEY/STICKY
• CHRONIC DILATION OF LARGE SIZED BRONCHIOLES
• DESTRUCTION OF BRONCHIAL WALLS ACCOMPANIED BY INFECTION (SEEN W/BRONCOSCOPY)
• CAUSED BY: INFECTION, TB, FUNGI CYSTIC FIBROSIS, LUNG ABSCESS

Question 18

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS BRONCHIECTASIS

Answer 18

• DECREASED CHEST EXPANSION
• DECREASED BREATH SOUNDS
• CRACKLES/RALES/RONCHI IN LOWER LOBES; THICK SECRETIONS, FATIGUE/WEIGHT LOSS

Question 19

VISCICULAR

Answer 19

NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS

Question 20

ADVENTICIOUS

Answer 20

ABNORMAL BREATH SOUNDS

Question 21

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND INTERVENTIONS

Answer 21

*DX TESTS: BRONCHOSCOPY/BRONCHOGRAM
PRESENTING S&S/DECREASE PFT’S
*INTERVENTIONS: ANTIBIOTICS, HYDRATION, REST/COUGHING-DEEP BREATHING, SURGICAL LOBE, LUNG RESECTION
*OLDER PERSON WOULD BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS TO AVOID UNDERLYING RESPIRATORY INFECTION