Lower respiratory system - Anatomy

Question 1

Explain the air conductance tree from the trachea down

Answer 1

Question 2

Shape of the trachea?

How many bits of cartilage?

What is the muscle as the back of the trachea?

What is filled in between each bit of cartilage anteriorly?

Answer 2

Question 3

What sits in front of top tracheal cartilage?

What vertebral level does the trachea extend to and from? How long is the trachea?

What is the sternal angle? What vertebral level is it?

Answer 3

Question 4

What is the ridge of cartilage which occurs in the lumen at the level of tracheal bifurcation?

Answer 4

Carnia.

Question 5

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Question 6

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Question 7

During inspiration does the trachea get shorter or longer?

Answer 7

Longer because it pulls the trachea downward.

Question 8

What are the different segments of the bronchi going from largest to smallest?

Answer 8

Question 9

Which bronchi are extrapulmonary, which are intrapulmonary?

How do they differ in structure?

Answer 9

Question 10

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Question 11

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Question 12

A conducting tube less than 1mm is considered a….

Answer 12

Bronchiole

Question 13

Do goblet cells or cilia extend further down the respiratory tree?

When do both become completely absent and what takes over?

Answer 13

Question 14

Which of these structures undergoes gaseous exchange?

Answer 14

Respiratory bronchiole does, terminal bronchiole does not

Question 15

Terminal bronchiole is lined with what epithelium?

Respiratory bronchioles are covered by what? What is special about these?

Answer 15

Question 16

What structures are included in the acinus?

Answer 16

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 17

The alveoli ducts connect the _______ to the ________, each of which contain _______.

Answer 17

respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs. Each of which contains collections of alveoli.

Question 18

What is the name of the layers of tissue which separate the lumen of the alvoli from the lumen of the pulmonary capillary?

Answer 18

Air blood barrier aka respiratory membrane.

Question 19

What are the names of the 3 surfaces of the lung?

What are the top and the bottom of the lung called?

Answer 19

Question 20

Medial surface of the lung is separated into two parts.
Explain the two parts

Answer 20

Mediastinal part: depression for the heart and pericardium.

vertebral part: in contact with the thoracic vertebra.

Question 21

What are the different borders of the lung?

Answer 21

Anteiror: separates the medial and costal surface of lung.

Inferior: separates diaphragmatic from costal and medial surfaces.

Posterior: separates costal and (vertebral) medial surface.

Question 22

Where is the hilum of the lung, what is its contents and what do these structures form?

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 23

The contents of the hilum: bronchi, nerves, lymphatics and blood vessels.

Question 24

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Question 25

How are the structures of the root of the lung structured as they go through the hilum?

Answer 25

In the hilum the left pulmonary artery is the highest structure on the left side, just inferior to it is the left main bronchus. On the right side the right pulmonary artery is ANTERIOR to the right main bronchus. The lowest structures should be the pulmonary veins (on the right and the left).

Question 26

What are the different lobes of the lungs? What are the different fissures of the lung? What are the specific features?

Answer 26

Question 27

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Question 28

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Question 29

Each lobe of the lung is further divided into separate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What are each of these supplied by? and drained by?

Answer 29

Question 30

The smallest functionally independant region of the lung is.... This means that it is surgically....

Answer 30

Question 31

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Question 32

Explain the bronchial arteries and how they drain (i.e. which veins are used?)

Answer 32

Question 33

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Question 34

Are these pathways distinct?

Answer 34

These two systems are not distinct, in other words blood from the bronchial system can get into the pulmonary system and vice versa. Because of the pressure differences this is normally not a problem however when it comes to pathologies then it can become a problem. If there is high pressure in the pulmonary artery then it may bypass via the bronchial circuit which means that it does not get oxygenated/decarboxylated and it can be a problem. This can be excluded in the case of a healthy patient.

Question 35

How does lymph drain from the lungs?

Answer 35

From nodes throughout the lung to the **right and left bronchomediastinal trunks** which go to the **right lymphatic trunk** and **thoracic duct** which then join the systemic venous system.

Question 36

Answer 36