Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

D&T 3 Test 3 > Lower Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Lower Urinary Tract Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

name 3 locations for ureter narrowing

A
  1. ureteropelvic junction ( renal pelvis meets proximal ureter)
  2. crossing at external/common iliac artery
  3. ureters enter bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a cause of ureter obstruction

A

hydronephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what site and and in who is ureter obstruction common in

A

left side

boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 congenital anomalies of ureters

A
  1. double ureters
  2. ureteropelvic junction obstruction
  3. Diverticula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is diverticula

A

saccular outpouching of ureteral wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 2 types of inflammation that can occur to the ureters

A

acute

chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 3 types of chronic inflammation of the ureter

A
  1. ureteritis cystica
  2. ureteritis follicularis
  3. ureteritis glandularis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is ureteritis cystica

A

fine cysts in mucosa composed of dilated Brunn nests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is ureteritis follicularis

A

fine granular mucosa due to lymphoid follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ureteritis glandularis

A

intestinal metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are benign Ureter tumors

A

Fibroepithelial polyps

Leiomyomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are malignant ureter tumors

A

majority urothelial (transitional cells) carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the number one cause of urothelial carcinoma

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Urothelial carcinoma is associated with what other syndrome

A

HNPCC

hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 things that can cause sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis

A
  1. drugs ( ergot derivatives)
  2. adjacent inflammatory conditions ( Crohn’s)
  3. malignancy ( lymphomas)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis is associated what problems in other parts of the body

A

mediastinal fibrosis
sclerosing cholangitis
Riedel fibrosing thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis is associated with what disease

A

IgG4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Micro what is seen in Sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

lymphocytes
germinal centers
plasma cells
eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

treatment for Sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis

A

surgical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 4 congenital anomalies of bladder

A
  1. diverticula
  2. exstrophy
  3. vesicoureteral reflux
  4. urachus/urachal remnant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is diverticula

A

congenital ( can also be acquired) invagination of bladder wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is exstrophy

A

development failure of anterior wall of abdomen and bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is urachus/urachal remnant

A
  • comes out of dome of bladder

- connects fetal bladder with allantois

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the clinical triad for cystitis ( bladder inflammation)

A
  1. urination frequency
  2. suprapubic pain
  3. dysuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is dysuria
pain/burning sensation
26
What are common agents for bladder inflammation
E. coli, Proteus, Klebseilla, Enterobacter | Schistosomiasis
27
what is clinical presentation for interstitial cystitis ? another name?
painful/persistent chronic cystitis | Chronic pelvic pain syndrome
28
What happens to the bladder in interstitial cystitis
fibrosis of all layers of bladder wall
29
What immune response occurs in interstitial cystitis late phase
``` classic ulcerative phase ( hunner ulcers) chronic mucosal ulcers ```
30
What immune response occurs in interstitial cystitis early phase
(nonclassic/nonulcerative) | submucosal hemorrhage
31
What is Malacoplakia
inflammatory reaction - slightly raised mucosal plaque - defect in phagocytosis of bacterial products
32
what is micro found in Malacoplakia
large foamy macrophages multinucleated giant cells lymphocytes Michaelis- Gutmann bodies
33
What are Michaelis-Gutmann bodies
laminated mineralized concentrations ( Ca in lysosomes)
34
Malacoplakia is associated with what bacteria
E. coli | Proteus
35
Name 3 metaplastic lesions
1. Brunn nests 2. Cystitis cystica 3. cystisis glandularis
36
what are brunn nests
urothelium grows into lamina propia
37
What is cystic spaced lined by in cystitis cystica
urothelium
38
what epithelium is seen in cystitis glandularis
cuboidal/columnar/ goblet cells
39
Name 2 metaplastic lesions
1. squamous metaplasia | 2. nephrogenic metaplasia
40
when does squamous metaplasia occur
response to injury
41
What happens in nephrogenic metaplasia
change to cuboidal epithelium | tubular proliferation of lamina propia
42
For bladder tumors, what is a gain of function mutation? What does it activate? what is it seen in?
FGFR3 - activates tyrosine kinase - low grade urothelial carcinoma
43
For bladder tumors, what is a loss of function mutation? Who usually gets it?
TP53 and RB | - high grade urothelial carcinoma
44
For bladder tumors, what is an activating mutation and where is loss of genetic material?
HRAS | Chr 9
45
What is a benign bladder tumor
urothelial tumors
46
What is a borderline bladder tumor
Papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential
47
What are malignant bladder tumors
Papillary urothelial carcinoma | Carcinoma in situ
48
what is the histo for bladder tumor papilloma? who usually gets it?
papillae in core normal urothelium youngsters
49
Where does inverted papilloma occur in histo
in lamina propia
50
PUNLMP hiso?
1. thicker urothelium 2. diffuse nuclear enlargement 3. mitotic figures rare
51
histo for low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
1. orderly 2. evenly spaced 3. minimal atypia 4. some mitotic figures
52
hist for high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
1. architectural disarray and loss of polarity 2. anaplasia 3. mitotic figures
53
histo for carcinoma in situ
1. cytologically malignant cells within flat urothelium | 2. no invasion of basement membrane
54
What is the pathological staging scale
T1 - lamina propia T2- muscularis propia T3 - pervescial fat T4 - adjacent structures
55
histo for squamous cell carcinoma
keritization | pink cells
56
50 year old moves from Egypt to US. Presents with large bladder mass
Squamous cell carcinoma: schistosoma
57
Botyroid rhabdomyosarcoma has what origin
muscle origin
58
histo for botyroid rhabdomyosarcoma
cambium layer | deeper hypocellular and myxiod stroma
59
who does botyroid rhabdomyosarcoma occur in
infancy or childhood
60
botyroid rhabdomyosarcoma gross apperance
grape-like
61
histo for leiomyosarcoma
fascicles of malignant spindle cells
62
What is morphology of early bladder obstruction
some thickening of bladder wall | normal mucosa
63
What is morphology of late bladder obstruction
individual muscle bundles enlarge | trabeculation of bladder wall ( hypertrophy muscles)
64
how can prostatic hypertrophy impact bladder
hypertrophy and trabeculation of bladder
65
What are common agents for urethra inflammation
Gonococcal | non-gonococcal ( e. coli, chlamydia, mycoplasma)
66
Urethra problems can cause what syndrome
Reiter syndrome
67
triad of reiter syndrome
1. arthritis 2. conjunctivitis 3. urethritis
68
What is urethral caruncle
small, red, painful mass in external urethral meatus of female
69
proximal malignant tumors of urethra have what orgin
urothelial
70
distal malignant tumors of urethra have what origin
squamous cell origin

D&T 3 Test 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions