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clinical pathology II > lower urinary tract > Flashcards

lower urinary tract Flashcards

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1
Q

disorders of lut

A

uti
obstructive disorders
congenital abnormalities
rupture of urinary tract

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2
Q

obstructive disorders of lut

A

urolithiasis

neoplasia

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3
Q

flutd

A

feline lower urinary tract disease

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4
Q

flutd etiology

A

urinary infections
urolithiasis and urethral plugs
interstitial idiopathic cystitis
others: tumours, anatomical malformations

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5
Q

FIC

A

feline idiopathic cystitis

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6
Q

FIC etiology

A 
indoor cat
more than 1 cat
overweight
environment changes
dry food
neutered male
inappropriate litter
insufficient water
insufficient playtime
insufficient separation between food/play/toilet areas
STRESS
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7
Q

how stress causes FIC

A

stress:

  • activates sns and cathecholamine and adrenaline levels rise
  • permeability of the urothelium changes
  • activates inflammatory mechanisms
  • substances of urine pass to activate nerve fibers C
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8
Q

what happens when sensitive nerves fibres are activated during stress by substances passing from urine?

A

pain signal to brain
release of “substance P” neurotransmitter
contraction of bladder and urethra wall
-> secondary edema and increased vascular permeability
mast cell activation-> histamine-> inflammation and edema

=> more nerve fibres C are activated

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9
Q

End result of FIC

A

Inflammation of the vesical and urethral walls
hematomas in bladder lumen (glomerulations)
pain

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10
Q

polyuria types

A

osmotical diuresis or water diuresis

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11
Q

oliguria etiologies

A 
water deprivation
low GFR:
-glomerular disease
-heart failure, shock, hypotension
partial obstruction
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12
Q

anuria types

A

pre-renal
renal
post-renal

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13
Q

pre-renal anuria

A

DH

intense hemorrage

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14
Q

Renal anuria

A

acute tubular necrosis

acute renal failure

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15
Q

Post-renal anuria

A

calculi

tumours

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16
Q

causes of urinary incontinence

A

hormonal
mechanical
neurological

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17
Q

hormonal causes of urinary incontinence

A

castration (low estro and testo)

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18
Q

mechanical causes of urinary incontinence

A

bladder tumours or calculi

prostatic hypertrophy

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19
Q

neurological causes of urinary incontinence

A

CNS lesions

peripheral lesions

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20
Q

tests for glomerular filtration rate

A

BIOCHEMISTRY:

  • BUN
  • serum creatinine
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21
Q

tests for kidney tubular function

A 
casts in urine sediment
glucose
protein
electrolytes
concentration of the urine
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22
Q

tests for glomerular function

A

urine protein (microalbuminuria)
urine protein:creatinine ratio
rbc in urine sediment

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23
Q

what GFR tells

A

is the nr of functional nephrons adequate

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24
Q

what is an indication of inadequate glomerular filtration?

A

increased concentration of substances usually eliminated by urine, in blood

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25
BUN
blood urea nitrogen= urea
26
BUN in blood increases when
urinary system disorder high protein diet GIT hemorrage
27
serum creatinine comes from
muscle metabolism
28
serum creatinine is proportional to
muscle mass | more muscular the animal, higher the creatinine
29
reliable parametre for GFR
serum creatinine
30
which test is specific for kidney damage
serum creatinine
31
azotemia
increase in serum creatinine and BUN
32
azotemia types
pre-renal renal post-renal
33
prerenal azotemia causes
dehydration and hypovolemia because it is hemodynamic
34
prerenal azotemia prognosis
usually reversible, can lead to ARF
35
features of prerenal azotemia
mild azotemia increased USG decreased urine sodium excretion
36
Renal azotemia causes
arf
37
renal azotemia prognosis
irreversible renal damage
38
renal azotemia causes
ischemic, toxic, inflammatory
39
post-renal azotemia causespost
any obstructions of lut
40
arf happens
suddenly fast
41
crf happens
over time
42
arf prognosis
can be reversible
43
crf prognosis
irreversible
44
arf and crf stages
arf: 3 crf: 4
45
severity of arf and crf
arf more severe than crf | crf possibly compensatable
46
arf type prevalence
pre-renal 60-70% renal 25% post renal 5%
47
pre-renal arf
decreased renal perfusion without associated cell injury
48
pre-renal arf causes
anything that leads to less blood coming to glomeruli
49
renal arf
intrinsic renal failure
50
renal arf sub types
tubule arf interstitium arf glomerular arf
51
tubule arf
acute glomerular necrosis
52
causes of tubular arf
hypoperfusion infection nephrotoxins
53
interstitium arf
acute renal nephrosis
54
interstitium arf causes
allergy autoimmune embolic pyelonephrosis (ascending infection)
55
glomelural arf
either glomerulonephritis or amyloidosis
56
glomerulonephritis causes
infection immune-mediated neoplasia diabetes
57
amyloidosis
fibrillary protein deposit | progressive and irreversible
58
post-renal arf
obstructive -intraluminal -tumour trauma
59
stages of arf
induction maintenance recovery(or -> crf)
60
clinical signs of arf
systemic: uremic syndrome urinary: olyguric phase and polyuric phase
61
lab findings of arf
azotemia | electrolytes up
62
uremic syndrome signs
``` vomit diarrhea anorexy/lethargy/depression coma oral cavity ulceration halitosis ```
63
examples of arf
``` nephrotic syndrome (protein loss) fanconi syndrome ```
64
crf
generalised, progressive and irreversible
65
etiology of crf
congenital or aquired
66
congenital crf
amyloidosis polycystic disease renal dysplasia fanconi syndrome
67
acquired crf
amyloidosis neoplasia sequelae of arf
68
stages of crf
compensatory 50% compensatory retention 50-75% decompensation 75-90% uremic syndrome >90%
69
development of crf
oliguria, anuria, death
70
why crf causes anemia
decreased epo | git ulcerations due to uremic syndrome
71
lab findings of crf
``` azotemia anemia isosthenuria/hyposthenuria polyuria proteinuria/hypoproteinemia na and p up k and ca down ```
72
rf in imagining
crf small kidneys | arf normal to large kidneys

clinical pathology II (1 decks)

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