LQ3 Iron & Steel

Question 1

Iron and steel started during

Answer 1

2000 BC (anatolia or modern-day turkiye)

Question 2

High-carbon cast iron produced

Answer 2

206BC (China)

Question 3

The first blast furnace was created

Answer 3

1st century (china)

Question 4

The first blast furnace

Answer 4

11th century (europe)

Question 5

Steel production was started

Answer 5

15th century

Question 6

Coke substituted coal (1709)

Answer 6

1709

Question 7

Steel became accessible

Answer 7

18th century

Question 8

Steel alloy was created

Answer 8

18th to 19th century

Question 9

Strong purified steel became accessible due to the bessemer process

Answer 9

1855

Question 10

Steel production was amplified

Answer 10

20th century (WW1 & WW2)

Question 11

Stainless steel was created

Answer 11

1912

Question 12

Basic oxygen furnace was developed

Answer 12

1948

Question 13

The philippines built its first steel manufacturing plant

Answer 13

1952

Question 14

Once Asia’s largest steel mill

Answer 14

Iligan steel mill & NSC

Question 15

Asia’s second steel mill

Answer 15

Iligan steel mill & NSC

Question 16

Exported 40,000 metric tons of steel

Answer 16

NSC

Question 17

The philippines is not a producer of crude steel

Answer 17

True

Question 18

1. Black or brownish sedimentary rock
2. Carbon-rich
3. Fuel source

Answer 18

Coal

Question 19

1. Naturally occuring mineral
2. Iron oxides such as hematite (fe2o3) and magnetite (fe3o4)
3. Smelted to produce metallic iron

Answer 19

Iron ore

Question 20

1. White, beige sedimentary rock
2. Mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
3. Removes impurities from molten iron

Answer 20

Limestone

Question 21

Good-quality coal, high-grade iron ore, and pure
limestone enhance steel production efficiency
Lower-grade raw materials require additional
processing, increasing production costs

Answer 21

Quality

Question 22

Mining, refining, and transporting significantly
influences overall iron and steel production
Plants located far from sources suffer from high
transportation costs

Answer 22

Transportation

Question 23

Government policies on emissions and mining
impact availability
Strict environmental laws increase operational
costs for pollution contro

Answer 23

Regulations

Question 24

Global demand for steel affects the prices of coal,
iron ore, and limestone
Market speculations or supply chain disruptions
lead to price volatility

Answer 24

Market demand

Question 25

What are the factors affecting raw materials of iron and steel

Answer 25

Quality, transportation, regulations, market demand

Question 26

Heating coal at elevated temperatures (900 - 1400 ℃ ) in absence of oxygen gas to produce coke Coke - black, porous rock with high carbon content (90 - 93 %) and functions as reducing agent Volatile substances such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and tar are removed Good-quality coke enhances efficiency of blast furnace

Answer 26

Coking

Question 27

Coke reaction

Answer 27

Coal —> coke + coal gas + tar + ammonia solution

Question 28

Converting fine iron ore into larger, porous lumps called sinter Fused through heat and pressure Better permeability, allowing efficient gas flow inside blast furnace for consistent production quality Minimizes energy consumption and raw material waste

Answer 28

Sintering

Question 29

Specialized furnace to produce quicklime (calcium oxide) by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) at elevated temperatures (900 - 1100 ℃) which removes carbon dioxide Improves purity and strength of final steel product Essential for maintaining high- quality steel production while reducing impurities effectively

Answer 29

Lime kiln

Question 30

Lime kiln reaction

Answer 30

CaCO3 + CAO + CO2 (Calcination)

Question 31

Large, tower-shaped structure that extracts crude (pig) iron from iron ore by smelting with coke and quicklime at various elevated temperatures Materials are charged from top and air is blown through nozzles at bottom Combusted coke produces carbon monoxide which then reacts with iron ore to form molten crude iron and carbon dioxide

Answer 31

Blast furnace

Question 32

Molten crude iron sinks to bottom while flue (waste) gases generated ascend upward Limestone binds with undesirable impurities to form slag, waste material in iron and steel production process Crude iron and slag are removed separately

Answer 32

Blast furnace

Question 33

Converts crude iron into crude steel by

Answer 33

Blowing pure oxygen

Question 34

Oxygen reacts with carbon and impurities, turning them into

Answer 34

Gases or slag which are expelled

Question 35

1. Pouring molten crude steel into molds to shape into solid forms 2. Continuous casting creates billets, blooms, and slabs 3. Once cooled and solidified, it is cut into desired lengths and prepared for rolling

Answer 35

Casting

Question 36

Shaping solid steel by passing through rollers that reduce thickness

Answer 36

Rolling

Question 37

Performed at elevated temperatures, it enhances steel’s ductility

Answer 37

Hot rolling

Question 38

Hot-rolled steel that has been cooled and rerolled at room temperature It improves dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and strength

Answer 38

Cold rolling

Question 39

The percentage of carbon determines the steel’s strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Low-carbon steel (0.10-0.25% carbon content) is more ductile, while high-carbon steel (0.75-1.50% carbon content) is harder but more brittle. Proper alloying enhances mechanical properties, such as toughness and resistance to wear. An overuse or imbalance of alloying elements can weaken steel and cause defects.

Answer 39

Chemical composition and alloying elements

Question 40

An efficient blast furnace operations ensure better iron purity before steelmaking. The Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) must control oxygen levels to remove excess carbon and impurities. Poor refining leads to defects such as brittleness, inclusions, and uneven hardness. The precise control of cooling time, pressure, and temperature, improves steel homogeneity.

Answer 40

Manufacturing and refining processes

Question 41

Flagship and largest steel producer in Philippines, primarily manufacturing reinforcement bars (rebars)

Answer 41

SteelAsia Manufacturing Corporation

Question 42

Products are integral to various infrastructure projects which all contribute significantly to national development

Answer 42

SteelAsia Manufacturing Corporation

Question 43

Preferred supplier of biggest contractors and property developers in country

Answer 43

Steel asia manufacturing corporation

Question 44

Commitment to modernizing its facilities and technology ensures production of world-class- quality steel that adheres to international standards

Answer 44

Steel asia manufacturing corporation

Question 45

1. Renowed for producing galvanized iron sheets, commonly utilized in rooflng 2. Trusted provider of durable and reliable steel products 3. Adherence to quality standards ensures that its galvanzied sheets withstand Philippines’ tropical climate 4. Contributes to protection and resilience of nation’s infrastructure

Answer 45

Puyat steel corporation

Question 46

What are the environmental concerns of steel

Answer 46

1. Energy-intensive 2. Acidification of soils and water 3. 1.91 tonnes (1910 kg) of CO2 is produced for every (1000kg) Tonne of steel produced 4. Release of greenhouse gases