LR

Question 1

What are the ten LR question types?

Answer 1

1. Structural analysis 2. Sufficient Assumption 3. Flaw 4. Strengthener 5. Weakener 6. Necessary assumption 7. Parallel structure 8. Inference 9. Unexpected result 10. Apply the principle

Question 2

What does it mean when a LR type is front ended?

Answer 2

The strategy for finding the correct answer is executed before reading the answer choices.

Question 3

What does it mean when an LR type is back ended?

Answer 3

The strategy for finding the correct answer is executed after reading the answer choices

Question 4

What is the step-by step approach to answering an LR question?

Answer 4

1. read the question, decide the LR type 2. Insist on understanding the passage 3. find conclusion 4. analyze the argument made 5. execute FE strategy (if applicable) 6. read answers 7. do a second pass (narrow down) 8. Execute BE strategy (if applicable) 9. answer the question

Question 5

What LR types don’t have arguments?

Answer 5

Inference, Unexpected result, and Apply the principle

Question 6

Briefly describe structural analysis

Answer 6

one of the fundamental skill sets and one of the easiest LR types. finding the conclusion, the role that a statement plays in the argument, or main argument in dialogue between 2 people

Question 7

What is the frequency of Structural Analysis?

Answer 7

15-16%. one of the most common

Question 8

What is the strategy for Structural Analysis conclusion question type?

Answer 8

1. find the conclusion in the argument 2. understand relations of support surrounding it

Question 9

What is the strategy for Structural Analysis for roles played in the argument type question?

Answer 9

Focus on the claim listed in the STEM, try and answer in your head first then look at the answer choices. look for the conclusion and supports as well as the opposing view

Question 10

What is the strategy for Structural Analysis for a dialogue type question?

Answer 10

Understand the arguments made on both sides thoroughly

Question 11

What does Structural analysis often get confused with and how do they differ?

Answer 11

Inference. this type is fill in the blank and doesn’t have an argument whereas Structural analysis does contain an argument and is looking for you to find the conclusion

Question 12

briefly describe sufficient assumption

Answer 12

goal is to choose the answer that tightens the argument the most. plausibility is already there, only focus on the structure and decide which answer fills the gaps in the argument

Question 13

what is the Frequency of Sufficient assumption?

Answer 13

5-6%. low priority

Question 14

what is Sufficient assumption often confused with?

Answer 14

Necessary assumption. answer is NEEDED for the argument to work, rather than wanted for a better argument.

Strengthener adds another independent argument, whereas sufficient assumption builds on an argument

Question 15

what is the main strategy of Sufficient assumption and what tools are helpful in finding the best answer?

Answer 15

finding the gap in the argument
tool: the bridge, needs to make reference to both sides of ideas

Question 16

briefly describe the flaw LR type

Answer 16

analyzing the argument and choosing the answer that makes the argument the most flawed

Question 17

what is the frequency of Flaw?

Answer 17

15-16%. very common

Question 18

what is the strategy in flaw?

Answer 18

all argument analysis and attempt to paraphrase the problem to see which answer matches.

Question 19

what is Flaw often confused with?

Answer 19

Weakener. which is challenging the argument rather than finding the problem.

Question 20

What are 7 potential flaws?

Answer 20

1. correlation and causation 2. insufficient evidence 3. Ad hominem 4. shifting terms (relevance of evidence) 5. unrepresentative samples 6. part and whole confusion 7. necessary and sufficient conditions

Question 21

LR mainly tests your ability to do what?

Answer 21

understand and think about written info

Question 22

what is quantitative language?

Answer 22

used to describe the number of something in an argument

Question 23

name some Quantitative language

Answer 23

some, many, most, the majority of, the minority of, all, every, none, no

Question 24

what LR question types is quantitative language most relevant?

Answer 24

relevant for all, but especially for strengtheners and weakeners

Question 25

briefly describe Strengthener.

Answer 25

provides you with considerations and you have to decide on the answer that has biggest effect on it and would essentially correct the argument

Question 26

what is the frequency of Strengthener questions

Answer 26

11%. pretty common

Question 27

what is Strengthener questions often confused with?

Answer 27

1. sufficient assumption (only gaps) 2. apply the principle (no argument) 3. inference (most strongly supported by passage) 4. unexpected result (no argument)

Question 28

what is the main strategy for Strengthener questions?

Answer 28

decide what effect the answer would have on the argument. is it 1. helpful, 2. harmful, or 3. neutral? choose the answer with greatest effect. make sure to recognize irrelevant answers

Question 29

briefly describe weakener.

Answer 29

similar approach like strengtheners, except looking for the answer that hurts rather than helps

Question 30

what is the frequency of weakener questions?

Answer 30

9%. somewhat common

Question 31

what does weakener often get confused with?

Answer 31

flaw- the problem in an argument rather than a fact that would hurt the argument

Question 32

what is the strategy for a weakener question?

Answer 32

same as strengthener except the correct answer is going to be the statement that hurts the argument the most

Question 33

briefly describe necessary assumption.

Answer 33

goal is to support the claim stated. answer is needed for argument to be valid

Question 34

what is the difference between sufficient and necessary assumption LR types?

Answer 34

Sufficient is good enough, necessary is needed.

Question 35

what is the frequency of necessary assumption questions?

Answer 35

10%. common

Question 36

what is the strategy for necessary assumption questions?

Answer 36

use tool: old reliable, asking “Do i need you?” then if unsure, ask “What if i didn’t have you?” if still unsure, revert to negation of the statement

Question 37

what is negation in the context of LR question types?

Answer 37

adding “not” to the answer to make it false. not opposite, just not the term it originates of. Fire—> Not fire. Then checking if it contradicts the original claim.

Question 38

What is the negation of Some?

Answer 38

+1 —> 0

Question 39

What is the negation of many?

Answer 39

+1 —> 0

Question 40

what is the negation of most?

Answer 40

>50% —> <50%

Question 41

what is the negation of the majority of?

Answer 41

>50% —> <50%

Question 42

what is the negation of the minority of?

Answer 42

<50% —> >50%

Question 43

what is the negation of all?

Answer 43

100% —> <100%

Question 44

what is the negation of every?

Answer 44

100% —> <100%

Question 45

what is the negation of none?

Answer 45

0–> +1

Question 46

what is the negation of no?

Answer 46

0–> +1

Question 47

briefly describe parallel structure.

Answer 47

the correct answer has the same structure as the argument in the passage. there are two types, normal and flawed. every structure component must have a parallel

Question 48

what is the frequency of parallel structure LR type?

Answer 48

6%. more uncommon

Question 49

what is the strategy for parallel structure questions?

Answer 49

using skill: recognizing logical operators informal and formal informal: reason, reason, reason, conclusion formal: x -> y -> x -> y use the piecemeal tool: if the answer does NOT have if then, knock it out immediately

Question 50

briefly describe the inference LR type.

Answer 50

passage contains a number of related statements, and the goal is to draw a conclusion out of the statement that is assumed to be true

Question 51

what are the two versions of the inference question type?

Answer 51

1) must be there (strong inference, no wiggle room) and 2) most strongly supported (more weak with more wiggle room)

Question 52

what is inference often confused with?

Answer 52

-structural analysis (finding the conclusion) whereas inference is making an assumption from the conclusion. -strengthener, as stem could ask to choose answer that best supports passage, whereas inference is mostly strongly supported BY passage. -necessary assumption, negated answer destroys argument, where’s there is no argument in an inference question

Question 53

what is the frequency of inference questions?

Answer 53

14%. common because they require you to think differently then other types of

Question 54

explain the light strategy in an inference question

Answer 54

make specific connection between the answer choice and the passage

Question 55

explain the heavy duty strategy in the most strongly supported type in an inference question

Answer 55

use the skeptics perspective (why should i believe that?)

Question 56

what’s the heavy duty strategy for the must be true type of inference question

Answer 56

use negation on the answer choice and look for a direct contradiction

Question 57

briefly explain unexpected result LR type.

Answer 57

presents you with a strange outcome or situation and asks to resolve and/or make sense of the strangeness

Question 58

what is unexpected result often confused with?

Answer 58

strengthener. argument tries to persuade whereas unexpected result just clarifies a statement (no argument)

Question 59

what is the frequency of unexpected result?

Answer 59

7%. uncommon

Question 60

what is the general strategy of unexpected result?

Answer 60

understand the weirdness to its full extent and ask each answer “do you clear things up?” don’t rush the passage

Question 61

briefly explain apply the principle question type

Answer 61

matching general principles with specific situations

Question 62

what is the frequency of apply the principle?

Answer 62

5-6%. uncommon but watch for conditional logic

Question 63

what is apply the principle often confused with?

Answer 63

strengthener. has argument looking to add to it the effect. apply the principle doesn’t consider the effect or any arguments

Question 64

what’s the strategy for apply the principle?

Answer 64

all relevant parts in the principle and situation must match up