Lucent Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of living organisms?
A
Living organisms cannot be defined precisely but are characterized by certain features.
2
Q
List the four key characteristics that distinguish living organisms from non-living ones.
A
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Metabolism
- Response to stimuli
3
Q
What is growth in living organisms?
A
Increase in the number of cells or mass.
4
Q
What does reproduction entail in living organisms?
A
Producing young ones of the same kind.
5
Q
Define metabolism in the context of living cells.
A
Chemical reactions occurring inside a living cell.
6
Q
What is the response to stimuli in living organisms?
A
The ability to sense and react to environmental conditions.
7
Q
What are sesmonastic movements?
A
Movements in response to touch, such as in the ‘Touch me not’ plant.
8
Q
Who proved that life on Earth originated by chemosynthesis?
A
Scientist Miller.
9
Q
What did J.B.S. Haldane suggest about the development of life?
A
Life must have developed from simple inorganic molecules.
10
Q
What is the purpose of classification in biology?
A
To categorize organisms into different groups for study.
11
Q
Who is known as the ‘Father of Taxonomy’?
A
Linnaeus.
12
Q
What are the two kingdoms proposed by Linnaeus?
A
- Plantae
- Animalia
13
Q
What did H. Whittaker propose in 1969 regarding classification?
A
The Five Kingdom Classification.
14
Q
List the five kingdoms in Whittaker’s classification.
A
- Monera
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
15
Q
What does the kingdom Monera include?
A
All prokaryotic organisms like bacteria.
16
Q
What are the two groups of bacteria?
A
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
17
Q
What are cyanobacteria also known as?
A
Blue-green algae.
18
Q
What role do chemosynthetic bacteria play?
A
Recycling nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur.
19
Q
What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?
A
Fission.
20
Q
What is the smallest known organism that lacks a cell wall?
A
Mycoplasma.
21
Q
What is the basic unit of biological classification?
A
Species.
22
Q
What is the highest unit of classification?
A
Kingdom.
23
Q
What is binomial nomenclature?
A
A two-name system for naming organisms.
24
Q
Provide the scientific name for humans.
A
Homo sapiens.
25
What does the study of cell structure and function refer to?
Cytology.
26
Who coined the term 'cell'?
Robert Hooke.
27
What is the smallest cell known?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
28
What is the longest cell in the human body?
Neuron.
29
What established the cell theory?
Schlieden and Schwann.
30
List the main features of cell theory.
* All organisms are composed of cells.
* The body of every organism is made of cells.
* Each cell arises from pre-existing cells.
* Every organism starts its life from a single cell.
31
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
* Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
* Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
32
What is the function of mitochondria?
Site of cellular respiration and ATP synthesis.
33
What do Golgi bodies do?
Storage, processing, and packaging of materials.
34
What is the role of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
35
What are lysosomes known as and why?
Suicidal bags of the cell due to their role in intracellular digestion.
36
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis.
37
What is a vacuole?
Fluid-filled organelle that helps in osmoregulation.
38
What is the central structure of a cell that controls activities?
Nucleus.
39
True or False: Eukaryotic cells contain circular DNA.
False. Eukaryotic cells contain linear DNA.
40
What role does the vacuole play in plant cells?
It helps in osmoregulation and provides turgidity and rigidity
## Footnote
Vacuoles may occupy 90% of total cell volume in plant cells.
41
What is the nucleus and where is it located in a plant cell?
A spherical, centrally located structure, shifted towards the periphery in plant cells
## Footnote
It is bounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane with pores.
42
What are the main components found within the nucleoplasm?
Nucleolus and chromatin material
## Footnote
Nucleolus is rich in protein and RNA.
43
What is chromatin made up of?
DNA and histone protein
## Footnote
Chromatin forms chromosomes during cell division.
44
What is the function of DNA found in mitochondria and chloroplast?
They are self-replicating organelles capable of producing their own protein.
45
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against a diffusion gradient using energy from respiration.
46
What organelles make up the endomembrane system of the cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
47
What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall, plastids, and larger vacuoles; animal cells have centrosomes and smaller vacuoles.
48
What happens to a cell when placed in a hypotonic solution?
It increases in volume.
49
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA and protein.
50
What is the term for a pair of chromosomes having the same size and shape?
Homologous chromosomes.
51
What is the basic unit of heredity?
Gene.
52
What is a mutation?
Any change in the base sequence within a gene.
53
What is the difference between diploid and haploid?
Diploid has two complete sets of chromosomes; haploid has one set.
54
What are the types of RNA and their functions?
1. mRNA: Carries messages from DNA to cytoplasm
2. rRNA: Site of protein synthesis
3. tRNA: Transfers amino acids to ribosome.
55
What is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into mRNA called?
Transcription.
56
What is the significance of meiosis?
It creates genetic diversity and produces haploid gametes.
57
What is karyokinesis?
Division of the nucleus during cell division.
58
What is the law of segregation?
In the F1 generation, both characters governed by genes are separated.
59
What is linkage in genetics?
When two different genes on the same chromosome express together instead of independently.
60
What is cloning?
Producing identical organisms from a single cell with the same genetic character.
61
What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?
An organism with manipulated genes to obtain desired traits.
62
What is the genome?
All genes present in a haploid cell.
63
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose; RNA is single-stranded with ribose.
64
What is a ribozyme?
An RNA molecule that acts as an enzyme.
65
What is the term for the potential ability of a plant cell to grow into a complete plant?
Totipotency.
66
What are autosomes?
Chromosomes responsible for characters other than sex.
67
What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?
The theory that genes are located on chromosomes, proposed by Sutton & Boveri.
68
What is the sex chromosome composition in humans?
Males have XY; females have XX.
69
What is the significance of the Cas9 protein?
It is used in targeted gene editing.
70
Where are mitochondria found and how are they inherited?
Found in the mitochondria and inherited via egg cytoplasm
## Footnote
Mitochondria are inherited maternally.
71
What is mitochondrial replacement therapy?
A method to prevent passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child either before or after in-vitro fertilization
## Footnote
This therapy aims to eliminate mitochondrial diseases by replacing defective mitochondria with healthy ones.
72
From whom does a child inherit mitochondrial diseases?
Entirely from the mother and not from the father
73
What are extranuclear genes?
Genes that occur in mitochondria and are inherited by females
74
Who proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance?
Sutton & Boveri
75
What are the sex chromosomes in human males and females?
Males have XY, females have XX
76
How are male gametes differentiated in terms of sex chromosomes?
Half contain 'X' chromosome and half contain 'Y' chromosome
77
What is a Barr body?
A structure found in female somatic cells
78
What occurs during test tube fertilization?
Fertilization is done in a laboratory but further development takes place inside the mother's womb
79
How can environmental factors affect sex determination in some species?
In some reptiles, temperature determines the sex at which the fertilized egg is incubated
80
What is the typical number of chromosomes in human cells?
46 chromosomes
81
What are holandric genes?
Genes present on the 'Y' chromosome
82
What is Klinefelter Syndrome?
A condition where a male has an extra X or Y chromosome, resulting in XXY or XYY instead of XY
83
What are the characteristics of females with Klinefelter Syndrome?
Normal development but limited fertility; mental retardation is also seen
84
What is Turner's Syndrome?
A condition where a female has a single sex chromosome (XO), leading to rudimentary ovaries and lack of secondary sexual characteristics
85
What causes Down's Syndrome?
An extra chromosome added to the 21st pair of autosomal chromosomes
86
What are some characteristics of individuals with Down's Syndrome?
Mental retardation, protruding eyes, and irregular physical structure
87
What is Patau's Syndrome?
A condition developed by an addition of an autosomal chromosome in the 13th chromosome
88
What is Sickle Cell Anaemia?
A disorder where erythrocytes are destroyed more rapidly than normal, leading to anemia
89
What is Phenylketonuria?
An inborn error of metabolism resulting in mental retardation caused by a change in the 12th autosomal chromosome
90
What is Haemophilia?
A disorder linked to sex chromosomes that leads to failure of blood clotting
91
What is color blindness?
A disorder that leads to failure to distinguish red and green colors, with the gene situated on sex chromosomes
92
What is organic evolution?
The gradual change from lower categories of organisms to higher organisms
93
What are homologous organs?
Organs that are different in function but similar in internal structure and embryonic development
94
What are analogous organs?
Organs that look similar due to similar functions but have different internal structures and origins
95
What are vestigial organs?
Organs that appear functionless in an organism but were functional in their ancestors
96
What are fossils?
Remains of ancient plants or animals that provide evidence for evolution
97
What is Archaeopteryx?
A fossil that resembles a bird but has features found in reptiles, serving as a connecting link
98
Who was Carolus Linnaeus?
A scientist who contributed to classification and proposed that no species is new; each originates from pre-existing species
99
What theory did Jean Baptiste Lamarck propose?
The theory of inheritance of acquired characters, suggesting that use and disuse of organs lead to changes inherited by offspring
100
What is Darwin's theory of natural selection?
The principle that struggle among organisms for survival leads to the elimination of unfit individuals
101
What is the Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution?
A theory that combines genetic variation and natural selection to explain the origin of species
102
What is the red data book?
A book containing information about rare and endangered species of plants, animals, and fungi within a state
103
Who proposed the recapitulation theory?
Ernst Haeckel
104
What is the basic unit of biosystematics?
Species
105
What is the correct taxonomic hierarchy?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
106
What is numerical taxonomy?
A classification system based on all observable characteristics that can be easily carried out using computers
107
What is the study of different types of trees and plants called?
Botany
108
Who is known as the father of Botany?
Theophrastus
109
What are Cryptogams?
Plants without seeds and flowers, including Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta
110
What is Thallophyta?
The largest group of the plant kingdom, consisting of non-differentiated plants
111
What is the study of algae called?
Phycology
112
What is Mycology?
The study of fungi
113
What is the structure formed by many fungi called?
Hyphae
114
What are lichens?
The association of algae and fungi
115
What are Bryophytes known as?
The first group of land plants
116
What is the main characteristic of Pteridophytes?
Differentiated body into root, stem, and leaves, with reproduction occurring by spores
117
What distinguishes Gymnosperms?
They bear naked seeds and have a woody, perennial structure
118
What are Angiosperms?
Plants that have seeds found inside fruits
119
What are Monocotyledons?
Plants with only one cotyledon in the seed
120
What are Dicotyledons?
Plants with two cotyledons in the seed
121
What are monocotyledon plants?
Plants with only one cotyledon in seed
## Footnote
Examples include Garlic, Onion, Wheat, Maize, Bamboo, Sugarcane, Rice, Bajra, etc.
122
What are dicotyledon plants?
Plants with two cotyledons in seed
## Footnote
Examples include Radish, Turnip, Mustard, Jute, Lady's finger, Babool, Ashok, Tamarind, and all Pulses.
123
What is the role of xylem vessels in plants?
Water transport from roots to leaves
124
What process in plants helps water move upward?
Transpiration pull, cohesion, and adhesion
125
What is the significance of leaves in plants?
Leaves are the lungs of the plant
126
What plant is known for producing coca and chocolate?
A shrub
127
What is Trochodendron?
A vessel-less angiosperm
128
What is the maximum fixation of solar energy done by?
Green plants
129
What does Golden rice contain?
B-carotene gene from carrots
130
Name three species that belong to the genus Solanum.
* Potato
* Tomato
* Brinjal
131
What is the botanical name of macaroni wheat?
Triticum durum
132
What chemical in onions causes tears when chopped?
Sulphur-containing compounds
133
What is crop rotation?
Growing different crops in succession on the same land
134
What was the first herbicide produced in the world?
2, 4-D
135
What is Eichhornia crassipes known as?
Terror of Bengal
136
What is grafting?
An artificial method of asexual reproduction in plants
137
What is osmosis in plants?
The physical process of water passing from soil into the root
138
What are pneumatophores?
Specialized respiratory roots in halophytes
139
What is the common name for Drosera?
Venus flytrap
140
What is the scientific name of tomato?
Lycopersicon esculentum
141
What is the study of viruses called?
Virology
142
Who discovered the virus?
Ivanovsky in 1892
143
What are the two main components of a virus?
* Nucleic acid
* Protein
144
What type of virus has RNA as genetic material?
Retrovirus
145
What enzyme allows HIV integration into host DNA?
Integrase
146
What is the main host for the Ebola virus?
Fruit bats
147
What is the role of interferon?
Inhibits viral multiplication
148
What is pasteurization?
A method to preserve milk by heating
149
What is mycoplasma?
Smallest known prokaryotic cell
150
What process is used to separate hair and fat from leather?
Tanning
151
What is the function of nitrifying bacteria?
Convert ammonia or ammonium compounds into nitrates
152
What is morphology in the context of plants?
Study of forms and features of different parts of plants
153
What are the two types of roots?
* Tap root
* Adventitious root
154
What is the modification of stem that stores food?
Tuber (e.g., Potato)
155
What is pollination?
Transfer of pollen grains to stigma
156
What is double fertilization?
Fusion of male and female gametes forming zygote, and fusion of another male gamete with polar nuclei
157
What is parthenocarpy?
Development of fruit without fertilization
158
What is the inflorescence of wheat?
Spike
159
What are the three types of fruits?
* Simple fruits
* Aggregate fruits
* Composite fruits
160
What type of fruit is apple considered?
False fruit
161
What is the edible part of an apple?
Fleshy thalamus
## Footnote
The fleshy thalamus is the part of the apple that is typically consumed.
162
What is the mesocarp of a fruit?
The fleshy middle layer of the fruit
## Footnote
The mesocarp is the part of the fruit between the exocarp and endocarp.
163
What is polyembryony?
Presence of more than one embryo in seed
## Footnote
The best example of polyembryony is found in citrus fruits.
164
What is the liquid present in a coconut?
Water of coconut is liquid nucellus
## Footnote
The nucellus is part of the seed that surrounds the embryo.
165
Which medicinal plant is used in skin care preparations?
Aloe vera
## Footnote
Aloe vera is commonly known for its soothing properties.
166
What major pesticidal properties are present in the seed of which plant?
Neem
## Footnote
Neem seeds contain compounds that are effective against pests.
167
What alkaloid is naturally found in coffee, cocoa, and cola nut?
Caffeine
## Footnote
Caffeine is known for its stimulant effects.
168
What compound makes hot peppers hot?
Capsaicin
## Footnote
Capsaicin is the active component that gives peppers their heat.
169
What is a clone in the context of plants?
A group of genetically identical individuals obtained through micropropagation
## Footnote
Clones are used to propagate desirable traits in plants.
170
What is the origin place of maize?
America
## Footnote
Maize, also known as corn, is native to the Americas.
171
What is the significance of seedless fruits in coconut and pomegranate?
Seedless fruits are of no use
## Footnote
Seedless fruits do not contribute to reproduction in these plants.
172
What is papaya the source of?
Papain
## Footnote
Papain is an enzyme used for its digestive properties.
173
What type of germination is found in mangrove plants?
Vivipary
## Footnote
Vivipary is a type of germination where seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant.
174
What is morphine classified as?
A narcotic analgesic drug
## Footnote
Morphine is used to relieve severe pain.
175
What is a tissue in biological terms?
A group of cells having common origin, usually performing a common function
## Footnote
Tissues are fundamental to the structure and function of organisms.
176
What are the types of plant tissue?
* Meristematic
* Permanent
* Complex
## Footnote
These categories help in understanding plant growth and structure.
177
What are the types of simple permanent tissues in plants?
* Parenchyma
* Collenchyma
* Sclerenchyma
## Footnote
These tissues serve various functions including support and storage.
178
What are the two types of complex tissues in plants?
* Xylem
* Phloem
## Footnote
Xylem transports water and minerals, while phloem transports nutrients.
