Lumbar

Question 1

What structures are best demonstrated on an RPO lumbar?

Answer 1

Right zygapopyseal joints

Question 2

What structures are best seen on an RAO?

Answer 2

Left zygapophyseal joints

Question 3

What position best shows the intervertebral foramina?

Answer 3

R or L lateral

Question 4

Which positions best demonstrate the left and right zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 4

RPO-right joints
LPO-left joints

RAO-left joints
LAO-right joints

Question 5

Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through the:

Answer 5

Intervertebral foramina

Question 6

What does spina bifida literally mean?

Answer 6

Split spine

Question 7

What is the difference between meningocele and myelomeningocele?

Answer 7

Men: a sack of spinal fluid on back. No nerve damage usually

Mye: when spinal cord comes through the back as well. Yes nerve damage

Question 8

What population does spina bifida affect?

Answer 8

Unborn fetus, infants, and children

Question 9

What positioning best demonstrates spina bifida?

Answer 9

PA and lateral lumbar spine

Question 10

T or F: spina bifida is one of the most common birth defects in the US?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Scoliosis requires repay exams over several years. What projection can help to reduce overall pt dose and how does it help?

Answer 11

PA. Reduces dose to pt by 90% over AP

Question 12

T or F: thoracolumbar curvature most often presents on the right side of the pt

Answer 12

True

Question 13

At which age is scoliosis most common diagnosed?

Answer 13

10-14 years old

Question 14

Which modality/modalities are the most diagnostic in the treatment of scoliosis?

Answer 14

X-ray

Question 15

Name at least three treatment options for scoliosis

Answer 15

Surgical intervention 
Chiropractic manipulation 
Bracing
Dietary supplements 
Electrical stimulation

Question 16

Find fracture and loss of height in both the anterior and posterior aspects of L3 vertebrae. Which fracture is this most likely? Give name and what classification it falls under.

Answer 16

Axial burst/loading fracture, flexion classification.

Question 17

What is the leading cause of lumbar spine fractures?

Answer 17

Osteoporosis

Question 18

Which types of fractures are usually the most severe and serious?

Answer 18

Rotation fractures

Question 19

What is the name of the fracture that is most often caused from lap belts in MVA?

Answer 19

Chance fractures

Question 20

Pt on backboard, cannot move. Suspected lumbar spine fracture. What positioning routine?

Answer 20

AP recumbent and horizontal beam lateral

Question 21

What portion of the spine does spondylolisthesis most commonly affect?

Answer 21

L4-5

Question 22

What part of the upper and lower facets is affected by spondylitis?

Answer 22

Pars interarticularis

Question 23

Spondyloisthesis most often effects: 
A infants
B teens
C 40-50 years old
D both B and C

Answer 23

D

Question 24

Spondylolisthesis is caused by 
A genetic weakness
B injury
C repeated stress fractures 
D all of the above

Answer 24

D

Question 25

What is a common radiographic sign of spondylosis in an oblique image?

Answer 25

The Scottie dog has collar or broken neck

Question 26

Scoliosis routine imaging and special imaging

Answer 26

AP (PA) erect Erect lateral AP (Ferguson method) ( one normal and one with convex foot elevated 3-4 inches) AP right and left bending Lateral flexion and extension

Question 27

Primary vs secondary vs compensatory curves

Answer 27

Primary: pelvic, thoracic Secondary: lumbar, cervical

Question 28

What is lordosis?

Answer 28

Abnormal increase in the anterior convexity of lumbar curve

Question 29

What is scoliosis?

Answer 29

Causes vertebra to rotate TOWARD the concavity. A 2nd curve develops in opposite direction to compensate and keep head centered over feet

Question 30

Zygapophyseal joints are what type of movement?

Answer 30

Synovial, gliding joints | Allow free movement

Question 31

What is the surgical procedure which removes a herniated vertebral disc?

Answer 31

Discectomy

Question 32

Where does HNP most commonly occur?

Answer 32

L4-5 level

Question 33

What modality is of superior diagnostic quality but also the most invasive? (For HNP)

Answer 33

Myelography

Question 34

What can HNP cause/lead to?

Answer 34

Sciatica

Question 35

What 2 parts make up the intervertebral discs?

Answer 35

Annulus fibrosis (outside) Nucleus pulposus (inside)

Question 36

How many bones in spine in adult vs child

Answer 36

26 adult | 33 kids

Question 37

Level of terminal end solid spinal cord

Answer 37

Conus medullaris at L1-2

Question 38

Collection of nerve roots resembling horsetail

Answer 38

Cauda equina L2-S1 ish

Question 39

Want to see L5-S1 on male pt. What projection and what angle?

Answer 39

AP axial with 30 degree cephalic CR to ASIS Females are 35 cephalic

Question 40

To see L5-S1 on oblique, how much degree?

Answer 40

30

Question 41

To see T12-L1, how much oblique?

Answer 41

50

Question 42

How much oblique for usual lumbar spine anatomy?

Answer 42

45 degrees

Question 43

If top and bottom of lumbar spine on lateral has double edging what does that mean?

Answer 43

Top is shoulders are over obliqued (or lack of total body positioning) Bottom is either abdomen was not supported or insufficient angle. CR should be parallel to interiliac plane not 5-8 caudal like book says

Question 44

Patho: | Collar or break on dog neck?

Answer 44

Spondylosis

Question 45

Which projection best shows compression fractures?

Answer 45

Lateral Or horizontal beam lateral if can’t lay on side

Question 46

Where is the pars interarticularis found?

Answer 46

Between the superior and inferior articular processes