Lung Flashcards
(30 cards)
diseases of bronchi and bronchioles
influenza
adenovirus
bordetella pertussis
Bronchiectasis
irreversible dilation of airways due to destruction of muscular and elastic elements of bronchial walls
walls become flabby
Pathogenesis, Pathology & clinical features of Bronchiectasis
caused by - inhaling foreign objects, mucus, tumors,
pathology - lower lobes / thick pus & mucus
chronic productive cough with copious purulent secretions
Atelectasis
collapse of lungs
impact of anesthesia
consequences: pneumonia hypoxemia fibrosis Bronchiectasis
Pneumonia
inflammation and consolidation of parenchyma
lobar - inflammation in one lobe
bronchopneumonia - distal in respiratory tree
bacteria pneumonia
lower lobes
bacteria looking for moist area to grow in the oropharynx or nasopharynx
predisposing conditions: smoking, chronic bronchitis, malnutrition
Legionella Pneumonia
bacteria that thrives in watery environments
symptoms: malaise fever muscle aches pain
PCP
PCP is clinical marker for conversion of HIV to AIDS
effects the immuno suppressed
Viral Pneumonia – Interstitial Pneumonia
50% of all cases
infection of parenchyma - lungs are irritated - dry cough
causes necrosis of epithelial cells lining airways and alveoli (cytomegalovirus, measels, varicella)
tuberculosis
see in pts with AIDS
organisms multiply in the alveoli because macrophages cannot kill it
Ghon Complex (Primary Tb)
upper part of lobes
90% asymptomatic and lesion localizes and heals on its own
secondary TB
reactivation of primary TB
upper lobe
cavities form and it spreads to other parts of lung
aspergillosis can be seen in patients with
TB
asthma
cystic fibrosis
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
opportunistic infection
blood vessel invasion – infraction
fungal balls grow in cavity
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
ppl with asthma can have amplified response
can lead to infection (bronchiectasis)
treat with antifungals
Lung Abscess
accumulation of pus accompanied by destruction of parenchyma
cause = aspiration
Pathology of Lung Abscess
loaded with PMN leukocytes & macrophages
surrounded by hemorrhage, fibrin, inflammatory cells
-fibrous wall
capacity for spontaneous drainage/difficulty breathing/chest pain
clinical features of Lung Abscess
cough and fever
foul-smelling sputum
pain
drainage into bronchi
Pneumoconiosis
Caused by inhalation of inorganic dust
Most important factor of Pneumoconiosis
Capacity to stimulate fibrosis
Silica and asbestos cause extensive fibrosis
Coal and iron are weakly fibrinogenic
Silicosis
Inhalation of silicon dioxide
Pathogenesis of Silicosis
Particles ingested by macro but the particles kill macrophages
Dead macrophages release fibrinogenic (& silica) –> recycled silica –> new macrophages pick them up –> kills them off –> vicious cycle
Pathology & clinical features
upper zones/ May present with systems 20-40 years after exposure
dyspnea / diagnosed on Xray
Interstitial Lung Disease - Sarcoidosis
Chronic disease of unknown etiology (most common in african americans)
Noncaseating granulomas occur in almost any organ of the body
Most commonly effects lungs and hilar lymph nodes
~20% of individuals w/ sarcoidosis are left with permanent lung chances
Eyes, skin, heart, CNS, liver - can also be affected
Treated with corticosteroids
Side effects of corticosterioids have negative effects on body
