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Cytology And Histopathology > Lung biology > Flashcards

Lung biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of respiration and what do they do?

A

Cellular respiration - generates energy in the form of ATP
Mechanical respiration - gas exchange in the lungs

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2
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

To supply the cells with oxygen and rid the body of carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What are the external to the lungs respiratory passages?

A

Nasal cavities
Nasopharynx and oropharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchi

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4
Q

What are the respiratory passages within the lungs?

A

Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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5
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A

Route for incoming/outgoing air
Removes debris
Removes pathogens
Warm and humidify air

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6
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory zone?

A

Exchange of respiratory gases

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7
Q

What does the mucus do?

A

Traps smaller particles that otherwise would’ve been inhaled into the lungs.
Epithelial cells will move mucus to the pharynx where it can be swallowed or spat out

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8
Q

What are the main cell types in the lungs?

A

Epithelial cells
Goblet cells

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9
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces located within the bones of the skull and facial bones

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10
Q

What happens during sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of mucus membrane
Thickened basement membrane
Inflammatory filtrate
Goblet cell hyperplasia

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11
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A hollow tubular space that is a passageway for air and food
Connects nasal and oral cavities with the larynx

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12
Q

What is the pharynx lined with?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and mucus secreting goblet cells
Also contains lymphoid tissue (tonsils or adenoids)

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13
Q

What can cause tumours of the nasal cavity?

A

Smoking - causes metaplasia
Influenced by geographic location

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14
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

Conducts air further along the respiratory path and is an important organ of speech

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15
Q

What is the larynx and vocal cords lined with?

A

Larynx - Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Vocal cords - stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What are the 3 characteristic layers of the trachea?

A

Inner lining
Tracheal cartilage
Fibrous tissue

17
Q

How many lobes do the right and left lung contain?

A

Left - 2
Right - 3

18
Q

What cells function in the alveoli?

A

Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
Alveolar macrophages

19
Q

What happens during exposure to silica dusts?

A

Inhaled scilia particles are phagocytosed by macrophages and over a period of time form clumps which causes extensive fibrosis

20
Q

What are precursors of squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Goblet cell hyperplasia
Basal cell hyperplasia
Squamous metaplasia
Squamous dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ
Invasive carcinoma

21
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

Genetic mutation of CFTR gene coding for a channel protein that regulates Cl ions across the plasma membrane

22
Q

What are the consequences of cystic fibrosis?

A

Thick mucus
High susceptibility to infections

23
Q

What is asthma caused by?

A

Chronic inflammation triggered by environmental factors

24
Q

What is chronic bronchitis caused by?

A

Repeated irritation of bronchiole mucosa (infections, smoking, pollution)

25
Q

What happens to the bronchi during chronic bronchitis?

A

Marked thickening of bronchial wall
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
Hyperplasia of submucosal glands

26
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by the destruction of their walls

27
Q

What can emphysema be caused by?

A

Genetic defect
Inhalation of foreign particles

28
Q

What are the features of emphysema?

A

Increase of alveolar volume
Consequent reduction in area of alveoli wall available for gas exchange
Neutrophils and macrophages accumulate in alveoli resulting in tissue damage

29
Q

What is bronchopneumonia and what is it caused by?

A

Lots of inflammation and purulent exudate
Causes - streprococcus pneumoniae and haemophilius influenzae

30
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A

Primary malignant tumours of the pulmonary pleura associated with asbestos inhalation

Cytology And Histopathology (10 decks)

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