Lung Cancer Flashcards
(16 cards)
What are some risk factors for lung cancer?
Smoking - high number of pack yrs
Airflow obstruction
Increasing age
Family history
Exposure to carcinogens e.g. asbestos
What are some clinical features of lung cancer?
Horners syndrome
Clubbing
Hypercalcaemia
SVC obstruction
Respiratory deterioration
SIADH
What diagnostic tests can be done for lung cancer?
Bloods - FBC, U&E, ca2+, LFTs, INR
CXR
Staging CT - spiral CT thorax and abdomen
What are some ways for biopsies to be taken for histology?
US guided neck node FNA
Bronchoscope
CT guided biopsy
Thoracoscopy if pleural effusion is present
What are the two histological groups the cancer can be classified into?
Small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer
What cancers are included in non-small cell?
Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Bronchoalveolar cancer
What are some potential exam findings in lung cancer?
a fixed, monophonic wheeze may be noted
supraclavicular lymphadenopathy or persistent cervical lymphadenopathy
clubbing
What are some paraneoplastic features of adenocarcinoma?
gynaecomastia
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA
Which cancer is most common in non-smokers?
Adenocarcinoma
What cancer is most common in smokers?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What are some paraneoplastic features of small cell lung cancer?
SIADH
ACTH - not typical, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hypokalaemia, alkalosis and muscle weakness are more common than buffalo hump etc
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
What are some investigations done for suspected lung cancer?
CXR
CT
Bronchoscopy + biopsy
PET scanning
Bloods - platelets may be raised
What are common mets for lung cancer?
Bone
Brain
Liver
Adrenal glands
Why may hypercalaemia occur in lung cancer?
Bone mets
Tumour secretion of PTHrP or calcitrol
What is Horner’s syndrome?
Partial ptosis, anhidrosis, mitosis (constricted pupil)
