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Anatomy- Thorax > Lung Development > Flashcards

Lung Development Flashcards

1
Q

What lines the respiratory diverticulum?

A

Endoderm

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2
Q

The respiratory diverticulum extends off of what?

A

The gut tube; it invades the surrounding mesoderm

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3
Q

Once the respiratory diverticulum extends off the gut tube, where does it go?

A

It extends inferiorly through the laryngeal orifice

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4
Q

What separates the respiratory diverticulum from the forgut?

A

Tracheoesophageal ridges

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5
Q

What closes the laryngeal orifice?

A

Epithelium near base of tongue will overgrow and close it

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6
Q

Once the laryngeal orifice is closed by the epithelium from base of tongue, what occurs?

A

It is re-canalized and leaves remnants:
Laryngeal fold
Laryngeal ventricle

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7
Q

What is Laryngomalacia?

A

Birth defect of larynx:

Floppiness of larynx

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8
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the upper airway?

A

Laryngomalacia

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9
Q

What signs are there for Laryngomalacia

A

Severe cases may have aspiration or laryngeal closure- especially during sleep

Typically present with inspiratory stridor +/or stertor within first few weeks of life

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10
Q

When do symptoms usually peak for Laryngomalacia?

A

~6 months

Will gradually improve until typical resolution by 18-24 months

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11
Q

What is the 3rd most common congenital laryngal anamoly?

A

Subglottic stenosis

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12
Q

What causes Subglottic Stenosis?

A

Congenital lesion results from incomplete recanalization of the laryngotracheal tube during the 3rd month of gestation

Laryngeal webs result from recanalization failure during embryogenesis

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13
Q

What is Subglottic Stenosis?

A

a narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords and above the trachea

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14
Q

What is Tracheoesophageal Fistula?

A

abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea

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15
Q

H Type of Tracheoesophageal Fistula can present with what sign?

A

Recurrent aspiration

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16
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula is ALWAYS associated with ________.

A

Tracheomalacia

(trachea did not develop properly)

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17
Q

What causes Laryngeal cleft?

A

Developmental failure of the primitive tracheoesophageal septum

Slit-like opening between posterior larynx and esophagus

18
Q

What is a common sign of Laryngeal cleft?

A

Recurrent aspiration or cyanotic spells with feeding

19
Q

How does the severity of Laryngeal Cleft vary?

A

Severity will vary based on the small notch at posterior larynx to connections extending into thoracic trachea

20
Q

Explain respiratory cell development during
Weeks 5-26

A

respiratory diverticulum enters mesoderm, branches and associates with vessels

21
Q

Explain respiratory cell development during
Weeks 27-birth

A

epithelial cells FLATTEN and form blind sacs in much closer contact with vessels

22
Q

Explain respiratory cell development during
Birth~10 years

A

branching becomes finer, cells flatten to create more surface area, the airways do not reach peak complexity until 10 years of age

23
Q

Life outside the womb is only possible after what happens?

A

When gas exchange can occur

Type 1 &2 pneumocytes are developed

24
Q

By the end of 6th month, __________ begin secreting surfactant

A

Cuboidal Type 2 pneumocytes

25
Q

What percentage of alveolar pneumocytes are present at birth?

A

Only 16%

The other alveoli will continue to develop for 10 years

26
Q

After birth, the amnion in the lungs are expelled and leaves behind ________ which is produced by ___________.

A

Thin film of surfactant

Type 2 pneumocytes

27
Q

Insufficient surfactant of newborn can cause __________.

This can result in _________.

A

Atelectasis (collapse of the alveoli)

Respiratory Distress syndrome

28
Q

Although the lungs are crucial for the body to have the ability to breathe, it also relies on the proper formation of the ___________.

A

body wall

29
Q

How does the body wall develop around the thorax?

A

Intraembryonic coelm fuse and expand
->
Eventually this separates the lateral plate mesoderm
->
This separates into a somatic layer and visceral layer

30
Q

Visceral and parietal layers separate and fold anteriorly.

The visceral layer and ________ fold to form the _______ & _________.

The parietal layer and ___________ and __________ fold to completely surround the ______________.

A

Endoderm, gut tube & mesentary

Ectoderm, amniotic cavity; gut tube

31
Q

Somatic layer of lateral place and mesoderm come together anteriorly. They fuse and create the ____________ within the embryo.

This will produce the _______ &___________.

A

Intraembryonic cavity

Pericardial pleural & peritoneal cavities

32
Q

What is Ectopia Cordis?

A

rare congenital condition in which some or all of a baby’s heart doesn’t have the typical coverage of the breastbone

33
Q

What causes Ectopia cordis?

A

The ribcage and sternum do not fuse on the midline but the heart develops more or less normally. Can be corrected surgically, but associated with other anomalies, and very low survivability

34
Q

What is gastroscisis

A

birth defect where there is a hole in the abdominal wall beside the belly button. The baby’s intestines, and sometimes other organs, are found outside of the baby’s body

35
Q

What causes gastroscisis?

A

Incomplete closure of abdominal wall, causing protrusion of the viscera

36
Q

What is Bladder/Cloacal exstrophy?

A

portion of the large intestine and two halves of the bladder lie outside of the body

37
Q

What causes bladder/cloacal exstrophy?

A

Somatic layer of lateral plate failed to develop properly

External genitalia may be affected since they originate from the same place in embryo

38
Q

Diaphragm separates what two cavities in the horseshoe-shaped intraembryonic cavity?

How do these two cavities communicate?

A

Pericardial & peritoneal cavities

Pericardioperitoneal canals

39
Q

What is Eventration of the diaphragm?

A

abnormal elevation of a portion or entire diaphragm; weakened diaphgram is pushed into the thoracic cavity

40
Q

What separates the pleural cavity from the pericardial cavity?

A

The fusion of the pleuropericardial folds that came from the lungs pushing them

Anatomy- Thorax (7 decks)

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