lung pathology

Question 1

what are restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 1

difficulty fully expanding the lungs, cannot inhale all the air you possibly could

Question 2

what are obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 2

cannot exhale all the air from the lungs, air comes out more slowly than normal

Question 3

define forced vital capacity (FVC)?

Answer 3

total amount of air you can inhale after taking the deepest breath you can

Question 4

features of restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 4

decreased lung volume, alveolar-capillary interface is site of injury, lung tissue gradually replaced by scar tissue, early stage = alveolitis, late stage = fibrosis

Question 5

what is laryngitis?

Answer 5

inflammation of voice box, pain with swalling/hoarse voice

Question 6

what is bronchitis?

Answer 6

inflammation of bronchial tubes, bad cough with increased mucus production

Question 7

what is bronchiolitis?

Answer 7

blackage of smaller airwars, in majority of cases caused by respiratory syncytial virus

Question 8

describe pneumonia:

Answer 8

infection of the alveoli of the lung, invasion usually from upper respiratory tract. cellular destruction and fluid leakage in alveoli reduces oxygen transportation capacity.

Question 9

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 9

acute disorder characterised by diffuse capillary leak resulting in wet lung

Question 10

what is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 10

inhalation of many antigens leads to hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Question 11

what is sarcoidosis?

Answer 11

multisystemic disorder of unknown aetiology characterised by an immune response at sites of disease activity and the presence of noncaseating granulomas.

Question 12

pathology of sarcoidosis?

Answer 12

non caseating granuloma, collection of epitheloid histocytes rimmed by CD4 tcells and fibroblasts, giant cells, schaumann bodies, asteroid bodies

Question 13

what is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 13

a condition that causes progressive scarring of the lungs. progressive condition with acute exacerbations.

Question 14

pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 14

alveolar wall injury, alveolitis, interstitial fibrosis

Question 15

innate system of the lungs contains?

Answer 15

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, NKs, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 16

adaptive system of the lungs contains?

Answer 16

T and B cells, antibodies, immunoglobulins.

Question 17

what is hypersensitivity?

Answer 17

immunologically driven host tissue damaging process/tissue-irritating process

Question 18

type 1 hypersensitivity is?

Answer 18

immidiate hypersensitivity - allergy anaphylaxis and atropy. mediated by igE mast cells.

Question 19

type 2 hypersensitivity is?

Answer 19

antibody mediated

Question 20

type 3 hypersensitivity is?

Answer 20

immune complex mediated

Question 21

type 4 hypersensitivity is?

Answer 21

cell mediated, antibody independent

Question 22

main characteristics of asthma?

Answer 22

variable airway narrowing -> reversible airflow obstruction, hyperresponsiveness to stimuli -> bronchoconstriction, mucosal inflammation and airway remodelling

Question 23

pathology of asthma (inflammation)?

Answer 23

inflammatory infiltrate (cell recruitment), mucosal oedema, mucus hypersecretion, bronchial smooth muscle contraction

Question 24

pathology of asthma (remodelling)?

Answer 24

epithelial cell damage, reticular basement membrane thickening, airway smooth muscle thickening, submucosal mucus gland hypertrophy

Question 25

bronchodilators used to treat asthma

Answer 25

selective B2 adrenoceptor agonists, anticholinergic/muscarinic receptor antagonists

Question 26

how do inhaled corticosteroids work in treating asthma?

Answer 26

corticosteroids suppress Th2/type 2 airway inflammation by reducing infiltration and activation of eosinophils, Th2 cells and other inflammatory cells

Question 27

features of COPD?

Answer 27

persistent symptoms, older onset, progressive course, poor response to steroids