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Physiology Test 4 > Lung volumes and mechanics > Flashcards

Lung volumes and mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is spirometry and how does it work

A

is a measurement of lung volumes by breathing air in and out using the spirometer (spirogram); when the subject inhales air moves into the lungs;the volume of the bell goes up and pen rises on the tracing

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2
Q

What is residual volume

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

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3
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position

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4
Q

What it tidal volume

A

that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)

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5
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level

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6
Q

What is the equation to determine the max volume of exhalation

A

vital capacity= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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7
Q

What is the equation to determine the lung volume at the end of exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position

functional residual capacity= residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

Which capacities and volume can not be measured by spirometry

A

residual volume

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9
Q

What happens to tidal volume during exercise

A

it increases

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10
Q

How is contraction of respiratory muscles and pressure difference connected

A

the muscles create the gradients or pressure differences that create force for airflow in and out of alveoli

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11
Q

During quiet breathing what controls the air pressure

A

activity of the diaphragm

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12
Q

Explain the steps of the diaphragm changes during breathing

A

At rest, the diaphragm is relazed

Next, the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic volume increase

As the diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases

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13
Q

What are three air pressures important during breathing

A

atmospheric pressure
alveolar pressure
intrapleural pressure

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14
Q

What is atmospheric pressure

A

noted as P(atm) is the pressure outside the body

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15
Q

What is alveolar pressure

A

noted as P(alv) its the pressure inside alveoli

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16
Q

What is intraplural pressure

A

noted as P (ip) its the pressure inside the pleural cavity

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17
Q

What is normal sea level atmospheric pressure; but for these purposes what is it designated

A

normal absolute atm is 760 mmHh @ sea level

for this case it designated as 0 mmHg

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18
Q

What does static condition mean

A

there is no airflow and both atmospheric and alveolar pressure are 0 mmHg

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19
Q

What is intrapleural pressure (usually, give amount)

A

the intrapleural pressure is less than zero usually between -2 and -5mmHg but can become positive during forceful expiration

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20
Q

What is the alveolar pressure at the end of a quiet expiration or FRC

A

zero which is FRC

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21
Q

What is meant by translung pressure/ alveolar distending pressure

A

its the difference between alveolar and intraplural pressure; force that inflate the lungs

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22
Q

What is need to initiate airflow during inspiration

A

the pressure in the alveolar must be lower than the atmospheric pressure

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23
Q

What happens parietal pleura as the diaphragm contracts

A

the parietal pleura is pulled outward

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24
Q

What causes the intrapleural pressure to drop; and what law does this follow

A

the volume of the intrapleural goes up and the pressure goes down to -8mmHg

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25
Explain Boyles law
it states that pressure multiplied by volume equals a constant; in other words volume and pressure are inversely proportional to each other as one increases the other decreases
26
What happens to collisions in Boyles law
decreasing volume increases collisions and increases pressure
27
How does the lowering intrapleural pressure impact chest expansion and what happens from there
after intrapleural pressure drops because of chest expansion, the visceral pleural is pulled out and this increases the alveolar volume and lowers the pressure in the alveoli to -1 mmHg
28
What causes the air to flow into lungs
the pressure in the alveoli is lower than the pressure in the atmosphere
29
Explain the respiratory cycle and pressure
1. halfway through inspiration the pressure in alveoli is at lowest and airflow is at highest 2. the end of inspiration, the airflow will stop because the pressure and atmosphere is equal 0 mmHg 3. The pressure in intrapeural space is -8mmhg @ end of inspiration
30
What is translung pressure and how does it vary during breathing
its the difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure; it increases during inspiration
31
What causes expiration
the alveolar pressure must be higher than the atmospheric pressure
32
Why are force expiration done and what is used to complete them
to increase ventilation, needs muscle work and expiratory reserve volume is used
33
What drives air out of the lungs during quiet or passive expiration
recoil of alveolar elastic fibers and surface tension
34
What else can help with passive lung expiration
chest elastisity can also help with passive lung expiration
35
Define passive expiration and does this work
relaxation of inspiratory muscle cause a slight decrease in thoracic volume and increases intrapleural pressure from -8 to -5mmHg builds up the alveolar pressure to 1mmHg and air flows out
36
What is pneumothorax
collapsed lung; more air goes into plural cavity making the lung collapse
37
What is the alveolar distending force in pneumothorax
it will be more negative (?) because there is mrore pressure in the intrapleural space
38
Describe according to the diagram what happens during pneumothorax
1. something punches a hole in lungs- knife(maybe) 2. the intrapleural space is broken open and air flows inside 3. the lung collapses to unstretched size 4. the rib cage will expand slightly
39
What is an interesting connection between pneumothroax and music
loud damage can cause lungs to collapse
40
What are the signs of pneumothroax
shortness of breath, chest pain, dyspnea
41
What are the treatments for pneumothroax
aspiration of chest tube | can recover spontaneously
42
What is throracstomy
incision of the chest wall, with maintenance of the opening for drainage
43
What are the causes of pneumothroax
trauma, lung disease, inhalation of toxic substances
44
What is tension pneumothrorax
opening that allows air to enter the pleural space functions as a one way valve, allowing more air to enter with every breath but none to escape
45
What can tension pneumothorax lead to
mediastinum and trachea may shift toward the intact lung---EMERGENCY
46
How much effort is required to stretch the lungs
it depends on lung compliance | the equation is compliance= change in lung volume/ change in tl
47
If the lung compliance is high what does that mean
lung expands easily
48
If lung compliance is low what does that mean; what can be done
lung resist expansion; need more muscle work to inflate lungs
49
What are the characteristics of healthy lungs
ample compliance and sufficient elasticity(that it will expand and return to normal form)
50
What factors does lung compliance depend on
surfactant which lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
51
What forces help bring the alveolar inward
natural recoil (elastance) and surface tension
52
What is surfactant and what produces it
a mixture of lipids (dipalmitoil phosphatidylcholine) made by type II pneumocytes
53
What is surface tension, what are its units, and what does it do
nN/m - lower the surface of air-fluid interface - will close alveoli
54
What how does surfactant impact surface tension
it lowers surface tension in addition it increases lung compliance decrease work inspiration helps prevent collapse of small airways
55
How does surfactant work, refer to diagram also
disrupts the cohesive forces between water molecules @ air interface- b/c alveoli are lined with a thin film of water
56
What is surfactant insufficiency
decreases lung compliance, collapses small airways, air is trapped in local alveoli and not ventilated
57
What is infant respiratory distress
its a blood oxygen deficiency; hypoxemia found in about 10% of premature births
58
What are the signs and symptoms of IRDS
tachypnea, tachycardia, expiratory grunting, flaring of the nostrils and cyanosis during breathing efforts
59
What famous people were effects by IRDS
patrick kennedy died of RDS 34 weeks after gestation in 1963
60
Name some different patterns of ventilaton
``` eupnea hyperpnea hyperventilation tachypenea dyspnea apnea ```
61
What is eupnea
normal quiet breathing
62
What is hyperpnea
high frequency and or volume in response to high metabolism (exercise)
63
what is hyperventilation
high frequency and volume with increased metabolism (emotions)
64
What is hypoventilation
low frequency/volume (shallow breathing, restrictive disease)
65
What is tachypnea
rapid breathing, high rate/low volume (panting)
66
What is dyspnea
shortness of breath
67
What is apnea
cessation of breathing
68
What is notable about child development and infant respiratory distress
in the last stages of pregnancy from 34-37 weeks the pneumocytes II start producing surfactant; when an infant is born prematurely, the lungs don't have enough surfactant formed yet; therefore the surface tension is high and the lung compliance is low
69
How does deficiency in surfactant effect the body
small bronchioles tend to collapse, ventilation of local alveoli is low despite increased respiratory muscle contraction
70
What can be done to deal with surfactant deficiency
positive pressure must be applied by a ventilator to areas lack ventilation atelectasis
71
How can IRDS be treated
artificial surfactant (aersol), steroids that stimulate pneumocytes II babies will be in special incubators with high oxygen content; high oxygen without surfactant may affect the retina and cause blindness
72
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome, who does it affect primarily
affects adults; can involve pulmonary capillary leak due to damage of the alveolar-capillary interface
73
What can acute respiratory distress be caused by
lung inhalation injury (noxious gases) inflammation (sepsis-blood bacterial infection) aspiration of gastric contents
74
What happens with fluid accumlation in the alveoli and interstitium during acute respiratory distress
edema, atelectasis and slow diffusion due to increased distance for oxygen
75
What are the major symptoms of acute respiratory distress
shortness of breath, impaired gas exchange, and hypoxemia
76
What also reduces lung compliance
fluid plasma infiltrates alveoili and lower lung compliance
77
what are other causes of pulmonary edema
pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, or hypovolemia
78
What is the treatment of pulmonary edema
diuretics like furosemide
79
What is restrictive ventilatory disease
can not get air in, restricts lung expansion, lowers lung volumes and capacities
80
What overall is the result of restrictive ventilatory disease
decrease alveolar compliance due to lung damage w/ or without fluid accumulation and reduces oxygen transport into the blood stream; blood oxygen is low
81
What is restrictive disease
stiff lung; that decreases lung compliance
82
What are types of pulmonary restrictive disease
lung problems accumulation of fluid in the lung- pulmonary edema lung tissue destruction- fibrosis, tuberculosis pleural effusion- fluid in the pleural space caused by lung cancer, infections, trama
83
What is thoracocentesis
an invasive procedure to remove fluid of air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes with a cannula or hollow needle
84
What if fluid constantly accumulates in a local pleural space
look up
85
What is pleural scleosis with induction pleurodesis
fusion of visceral and parietal lung pleura
86
What are typical sclerosing agents
talc and antibiotics like doxycyclin, erythromycin, etc
87
What do disease of the nervous system and muscle disease also lead to
cause reduced lung mobility and restrictive pattern of ventilation
88
Give some examples of disease that lead to restrictive pattern of ventilation
myasthenia gravis, gillian-barre syndrome, diaphragm paralysis, and broken ribs
89
What is the only exception of lung volumes that will no be reduced by restrictive ventilatory diseases
residual volume
90
How extra thing is needed for a forceful expiration
expiratory muscle work- use of ERV
91
What lung measurement do neuromuscular defecits reduce
ability to breath out so..expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume

Physiology Test 4 (6 decks)

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