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Lungs > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract made of?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract made of?

A

Trachea, main bronchus, lung

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3
Q

Is it our lungs that expand or our thoracic wall?

A

We don’t make our lungs bigger/smaller, only our thoracic wall.

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4
Q

Explain elasticity of lungs.

A

Lung tends to be as small as possible (if you remove them from the thoracic wall)

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5
Q

What is the endothoracic fascia?

A

Between ribs and parietal pleura: Endothoracic fascia: natural cleavage plane for surgical separation (to avoid collapsed lung).

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6
Q

If you were experiencing pain during inhalation, would this indicate a problem with the bone, muscle or joint?

A

Joint.

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7
Q

Name the two types of joints used within the thorax.

A

Articulationes costovertebrales: consists of two joints, one has an up and down motion, while the other has a side to side motion.
Articulationes sternocostales (costal cartilage): no motion.

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8
Q

Purpose of muscles in the thorax.

A

Keep thoracic wall ‘tight’.

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9
Q

How does the purpose of the internal intercostal muscles differ between bone and cartilage?

A

Intercostal in bone: expiration.
Intercostal in cartilage: inspiration.

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10
Q

Purpose of external intercostal muscles.

A

Inspiration

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11
Q

Muscles of inspiration (accessory)

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor.

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12
Q

Muscles of inspiration (primary)

A

external intercostal, diaphragm

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13
Q

Muscles of expiration (active only)

A

internal intercostals, abdominals, Quadratus Lumborum

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14
Q

Abdominal respiration refers to the movement of what muscle?

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

What nerves innervate the thorax?

A

Phrenic nerves:
Originate in the neck (C3-5), passes down to the diaphragm between heart and lung.

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16
Q

In the case of abdominal strain (coughing, sneezing, etc.) what muscles might contract?

A

Simultaneous contraction of diaphragm, abdominal muscles and erector spinae muscles, occasionally contraction pelvic floor.

17
Q

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

A

Respiration is the controlled oxidation of metabolites to provide energy in our body.
Breathing/ventilation is the mechanical process by which gas is transported in and out of our lungs.

18
Q

Why do we have a negative intrapleural pressure (about -5)?

A

Lungs have a tendency to collapse. Thorax has a tendency to expand. These contrast each other (pulling in opposite directions).

19
Q

When are the contrasting forces of the lungs and the thorax balanced?

A

During functional residual capacity (volume in lungs after exhalation).

20
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

0.

21
Q

How do you calculate transpulmonary pressure and what is its value in a healthy person compared to someone with a pneumothorax?

A

Alveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure. Normal: 0 - (-5) = +5. Pneumothorax: 0.

22
Q

Compliance formula:

A

Change in volume/change in transpulmonary pressure.

23
Q

What is surfactant and what is it produced by?

A

Surfactant reduces surface tension. Molecules that make sure alveoli don’t collapse by causing water molecules to be less attracted to one another.
Created by Type II cells (pneumocytes).

24
Q

If there is reduced surfactant, would the lungs be more or less compliant?

A

Less.

25
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Difference between expiratory reserve volume and inspiratory reserve volume.

26
Q

What has a direct influence on peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

H+ ions concentration.

27
Q

What has a direct effect on central chemoreceptors?

A

pO2.

28
Q

If airway diameter is dilated, what must happen with the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system innervation?

A

Inhibit parasympathetic, and stimulate sympathetic.

29
Q

Largest dead-space volume (space where gas exchange doesn’t take place)?

A

Physiological.

30
Q

Pathological vs. Physiological shunt

A

Physiological: Oxygen-rich and oxyen-low blood mixed in left atrium.
Pathological: Circulation continues but airway blocked.

31
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

32
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume after forced exhalation.

33
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Volume in lungs after passive exhalation

34
Q

Vital capacity

A

Amount of air you can exhale after inhaling, only 80%. Difference between expiratory reserve volume and inspiratory reserve volume.

Lungs (1 decks)

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