Lungs

Question 1

includes the oral and nasal cavities, the lungs, the series
of tubes leading to the lungs, and the chest structures responsible for moving air into and out of the lungs during breathing.

Answer 1

respiratory system

Question 2

The respiratory system includes

Answer 2

Oral, nasal cavity, the lungs, the chest

Question 3

the adjective referring to “lungs.”

Answer 3

Pulmonary

Question 4

lungs consist mainly of tiny air-containing sacs called ____ which number ap- proximately 300 million in the adult.

Answer 4

alveoli

Question 5

The ___ are the sites of gas exchange with the blood.

Answer 5

alveoli

Question 6

The ___ are all the tubes through which air flows between the external environment and the alveoli.

Answer 6

airways

Question 7

_____ is the movement of air from the external environment through the airways into the alveoli during breathing. _____ is movement in the opposite direction.

Answer 7

Inspiration (inhalation), Expiration (exhalation)

Question 8

an inspiration and an expiration constitute a

Answer 8

respiratory cycle.

Question 9

During inspiration air passes through either the nose (the most common site) or mouth into the _____, a passage common to both air and food

Answer 9

pharynx (throat)

Question 10

The pharynx branches into two tubes: the esoph- agus, through which food passes to the stomach, and the _____, which is part of the airways.

Answer 10

larynx

Question 11

____ houses the vocal cords

Answer 11

larynx

Question 12

____, two folds of elastic tissue stretched horizontally across its lumen.

Answer 12

vocal cords

Question 13

The nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx are

termed the ____

Answer 13

upper airways

Question 14

The larynx opens into a long tube

Answer 14

trachea

Question 15

The first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage are termed

Answer 15

bronchioles

Question 16

Alveoli first begin to appear in ,

Answer 16

respiratory bronchioles

Question 17

The airways beyond the larynx can be divided into two zones:

Answer 17

conducting zone and respiratory zone

Question 18

The _____ extends from the top of the trachea to the beginning of the respiratory bronchioles; it contains no alveoli and there is no gas exchange with the blood

Answer 18

conducting zone

Question 19

The _____, which extends from the respiratory bronchi- oles on down, contains alveoli and is the region where gases exchange with the blood.

Answer 19

respiratory zone

Question 20

The production of this fluid is impaired in the disease ____, the most common lethal genetic disease of Caucasians, and the mucous layer becomes thick and dehydrated, obstructing the airways. The impaired secretion is due to a defect in the chloride channels involved in the secretory process

Answer 20

cystic fibrosis

Question 21

injured by cigarette smoke and air pollutants.

Answer 21

Macrophages and cilia

Question 22

cells that are present in the airways and alveoli

Answer 22

Macrophages

Question 23

Most of the air facing surface(s) of the wall are lined by a continuous layer, one cell thick, of flat epithelial cells termed

Answer 23

type I alveolar cells.

Question 24

between these cells are thicker, specialized cells termed _____ that produce a detergent-like substance, surfactant.

Answer 24

type II alveolar cells

Question 25

The lungs, like the heart, are situated in the____, the compartment of the body between the neck and ab- domen.

Answer 25

thorax

Question 26

The ___ is a closed compartment that is bounded at the neck by muscles and connective tissue and completely separated from the abdomen by a large, dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle, the diaphragm

Answer 26

thorax

Question 27

Each lung is surrounded by a completely closed sac, the

Answer 27

pleural sac,

Question 28

Each lung is surrounded by a completely closed sac, the pleural sac, consisting of a thin sheet of cells calle

Answer 28

Pleural

Question 29

two layers of pleura in each sac are so close to each other that normally they are always in vir- tual contact, but they are not attached to each other. Rather, they are separated by an extremely thin layer of

Answer 29

intrapleural fluid

Question 30

changes in the hydrostatic pressure of the intrapleural fluid ___ cause the lungs and thoracic wall to move in and out together during normal breathing.

Answer 30

intrapleural pressure (Pip)

Question 31

____ is defined as the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli.

Answer 31

Ventilation

Question 32

During ____ air moves into and out of the lungs because the alveolar pressure is alternately made less than and greater than atmospheric pressure

Answer 32

ventilation

Question 33

change in lung dimensions causes a change in alveolar pressure

Answer 33

Boyle’s law

Question 34

P1V1= P2V2

Answer 34

Boyle's law

Question 35

lungs are passive elastic structures — like balloons — and their volume, therefore, depends upon:

Answer 35

1. The difference in pressure termed the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)—between the inside and the outside of the lungs 2. how stretchable the lungs are

Question 36

is defined as the tendency of an elastic structure to oppose stretching or distortion.

Answer 36

Elastic recoil

Question 37

____ is the essential factor keeping the lungs partially expanded and the chest wall partially compressed between breaths.

Answer 37

intrapleural pressure

Question 38

___ is the most important inspiratory muscle during normal quiet breathing

Answer 38

diaphragm

Question 39

When activation of the ____to the diaphragm causes it to contract, its dome moves downward into the abdomen, enlarging the thorax.

Answer 39

phrenic nerves

Question 40

when surfactant is deficient is the disease known as ____ his is a leading cause of death in premature infants, in whom the surfacant- synthesizing cells may be too immature to function

Answer 40

respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

Question 41

type 11 alveolar cells secrete a detergent-like substance known as pulmonary ____, which markedly reduces the cohesive forces between water molecules on the alveolar surface infant can inspire only by the most strenuous ef- forts, which may ultimately cause complete exhaustion, inability to breathe, lung collapse, and death.

Answer 41

surfactant

Question 42

___ is a disease characterized by intermittent episodes in which airway smooth muscle contracts strongly, markedly increasing airway resistance. The basic defect in____ is chronic inflammation of the airways. the causes of which vary from person to per- son and include, among others, allergy, viral infections, and sensitivity to environmental factors

Answer 42

Asthma

Question 43

(1) emphysema, (2) chronic bronchitis, or (3) a combination of the two.

Answer 43

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 44

is characterized by excessive mucus production in the bronchi and chronic inflammatory changes in the small airways. The cause of obstruction is an accumulation of mucus in the air- ways and thickening of the inflamed airways.

Answer 44

Chronic bronchitis

Question 45

___ is used to aid a person choking on a foreign body caught in and obstructing the upper airways. A sudden increase in abdominal pressure. is produced as the rescuer’s fists, placed against the victim’s abdomen slightly above the navel ncreased abdominal pressure forces the diaphragm upward into the thorax, reducing thoracic size ncreasing alveolar pressure. The forceful expiration produced by the increased alve- olar pressure often expels the object caught in the respiratory tract

Answer 45

Heimlich maneuver

Question 46

exists when there is an increase in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation. ___ if the alveolar ventilation cannot keep pace with the carbon dioxide production.

Answer 46

Hypoventilation

Question 47

___ exists when there is a decrease in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation—that is, when alveolar ventilation is actually too great for the amount of carbon dioxide being produce. repre- sents increased ventilation relative to metabolism

Answer 47

Hyperventilation