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respiration BDS1 > lungs > Flashcards

lungs Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

how many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3

upper, middle, lower

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2
Q

how many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2

upper, lower

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3
Q

which lung has the cardiac and aortic notch?

A

left

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4
Q

how does the bronchial tree branch?

A

one branch fro each lobe

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5
Q

what are the filter characteristics of the respiratory tract?

A

nose hair
- large particles of dirt and dust etc from air get trapped

mucous
- small particles from air (sticky)

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6
Q

which air entrance is more filtered?

A

nose

mouth is less (dirtier air)

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7
Q

when air enters the body what 3 things happen to it?

A

filtered

humidified to body temperature

cleaned

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8
Q

which is anterior the oesophagus or trachea?

A

trachea is anterior to the oesophagus

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9
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose

moth

pharynx

larynx

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10
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea

bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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11
Q

what are the divines of the bronchus?

A

main (primary)

lobar (secondary)

segamental (tertiary)

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12
Q

what is the cardia?

A

break between the right and left main bronchi

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13
Q

what bronchus is more vertical?

A

right bronchus is more vertical than left
- left is more lateral/flat

more likely to have thing go into right main branches due to gravity

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14
Q

what are the conducting zone components?

A

conducting brinchioles (4-20 branch points)

terminal branches

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15
Q

what are the respiratory zone components?

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs with alveolus

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16
Q

what happens when inhaling?

A

increased thoracic volume

so decreased pressure inside compared to outside
- air moves in

increase in pulmonary pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

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17
Q

what happens when exhaling?

A

decreased thoracic volume

increased pressure

air moves out

decreased in pulmonary pressure to equal atmospheric

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18
Q

what happens to muscles and alveoli in inhalation?

A

muscles contract
- needs energy (active process)

alveoli stretched open
- elastin protein around them

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19
Q

what happens to muscles and alveoli in exhalation?

A

muscles relax
- passive process

alveoli recoil
- drives exhalation

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20
Q

why do we repsire?

A

need O2
- respiration, metabolise food for ATP

release CO2

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21
Q

air pathway

A

oral and nasal cavity
connect at pharynx

larynx
___

trachea

2 main bronchi —> lobar bronchi —> segmental bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli air sacs

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22
Q

does the trachea have cartilage?

A

yes, the trachea has cartilage rings

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23
Q

do bronchi have cartilage?

A

no, bronchi does not have cartilage

- cartilage stops at trachea

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24
Q

alveoli properties

A

very thin walls - one cell thick

circulatory system passes right by alveoli

  • deoxygenated blood vessels from heart (pulmonary arteries)
  • molecules O2 absorbed into blood via alveoli capillaries
  • oxygenated blood returns to heart (pulmonary veins)
  • CO2 from blood diffuses into lungs and is exhales
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25
macrophages
part of the innate immune system agranulocytes engulf pathogens in alveoli that were not caught by mucous earlier in respiratory tract - PHAGOCYTOSE - important as difficult to treat infection when entered blood circulation
26
what is the fraction inspired O2?
FIO2 = 21% nitrogen 78% argon 1% (inert, doesn't react in body) others <1%
27
what is PO2 at entrance to body (mouth)?
= fraction inspired O2 x atmospheric pressure = FIO2 x Patm = 0.21 x 760mmHg = 160mmHG
28
why does PO2 decrease in lungs compared to entrance to body?
decrease due to water vapour
29
what is PO2 in lungs?
= fraction inspired O2 x (Patm - PH20) = 0.21 x (760mmHG - 47 mmHg) = 0.21 x 713 = 150mmHg
30
what is the respirator quotient?
RQ = 0.8 the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved to that of oxygen consumed by an organism, tissue, or cell in a given time.
31
is CO2 or O2 more soluble in pulmonary blood?
CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2 in pulmonary blood
32
what is Henry's Law?
P / Kh = concentration at surface layer increased solubility causes increased pressure Kh is the likelihood of leaving liquid phase - constant
33
higher partial pressure means....
more likely gas will enter liquid phase - soluble
34
pathway for O2 to enter blood from alvoli
O2 enters liquid phase ro cross layer of fluid in alveolus through epithelial through basement membrane and connective tissue through basement membrane (capillary side) through endothelial cells and plasma bind to haemoglobin in RBC - have 4 O2 binding sites
35
what are baroreceptors?
nerves that detect pressure and stretch in vessels send information to brain - regulates BP
36
where are baroreceptors found?
in carotid since and aortic arch
37
what are peripheral chemoreceptors?
detect pO2, pCO2 and pH level changes made of supportive cells and glomus cells have a lot of blood flwo
38
where are peripheral chemoreceptors?
aortic body - on aortic arch carotid bodies - near bifurcation of carotid arteries
39
what nerve is connected to the aortic body?
vagus nerve CNX
40
what nerve is connect to the carotid bodies?
glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX
41
what is the effect of low pO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors?
glomus cells detect and depolarises - specialised K+ channels are inhibited so no out flow - Ca2+ flows in release neurotransmitter dopamine from vesicles sends AP down neuron - level of O2 corresponds to amount neurotransmitter reeled (lower pO2 = more neurotransmitter = more APs)
42
what is the effect of high pCO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors?
CO2 made by gloms cells - diffuses out into blood high pCO2 means difficult for CO2 to diffuse from gloms cells into blood - build up of CO2 in glomus cells glomus cells release neurotransmitter --> AP - level of pCO2 correspisne to number of AP released PCO2 has greater effect on central chemoreceptors
43
where are central chemoreceptors located?
in CNS posterior to DRG in brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata)
44
what do respiratory centres receive information on?
respiratory centres are a collection of neurons which receive information on CO2 when high pCO2 there is a decreased diffusion gradient between blood and interstitial fluid build up of H+ around central chemoreceptors - cause more APs to be fired - increased inspiration CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
45
what do central chemoreceptors respond to?
increased pCO2 increased H+ (lower pH) but not decreased pO2 -only peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low pO2 (less than 60mmHg)
46
what control voluntary breathing?
cerebrum
47
why do we have voluntary controlled breathing?
playing wide instruments holding breath yelling singing
48
what do mechanoreceptors do?
send information on pressure, connected to nerve e.g. baroreceptors; others in nose, lungs, GIT
49
what is the hypothalamus role in respiration?
region of brain which sends information to respiratory centre to effect our breathing response to emotions (anxiety, fear and pain) also temperature (e.g. jump into cold water)
50
what is emphysema
gradual destruction of alveoli healthy lungs have large SA for gas exchange emphysema causes ruptured air sacs - large spaces instead of many smaller places - decreases SA for gas exchange
51
what is bronchitis
inflamed main bronchus
52
what is pneumonia
inflamed alveoli
53
what is laryngitis
inflamed larynx
54
what is the airs passageway from environment to alveoli?
nasal cavity pharynx epiglottis larynx tranchea carina main bronchus lobar bronchus segmental brings (tertiary) conducting bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli
55
what is surfactant
fluid made by type II alveolar cells | which decreases surface tension
56
pleural cavity
contains serous fluid which facilitates lining movement within the thoracic cavity
57
cilia role in respiratory tract
move contaminated mucus away from lungs and towards mouth so it can be expelled or swallowed
58
pulmonary artery
brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs 2 in total
59
pulmonary veins
bring deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium 4 in total
60
what can cause adult onset asthma
skiing cold, dry air damages lower respiratory tract
61
chloride shift
70% of CO2 in pulmonary blood is in bircabonate form HCO3- channels shunts bicarbonate into haemoglobin - negative charge entered counteracted as Cl- leaves to prevent membrane from becomin too negative
62
carbonic anhydrase
speeds up conversion of H2CO3 to CO2 and H2O (after HCO3- binds with H+) only in blood cells not in circulating plasma - plasma has slower CO2 release due to no enzyme action
63
HCO3-
bicarbonate weak base
64
H2CO3
carbonic acid weak acid
65
R state haemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin increase O2 affinity - loading low CO2 and H+ affinity - unloading
66
T state haemoglobin
deoxyheamglobin decreased O2 affinity high CO2 and H+ affinity
67
Haldane effect
Oxygenation of blood in the lungs displaces carbon dioxide from haemoglobin which increases the removal of carbon dioxide (O2 loading) Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced affinity for carbon dioxide (CO2 and H+ unloading) OXYHAEMOGLOBIN CURVE

respiration BDS1 (5 decks)

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