Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chest Differential diagnosis > LUNGS AND AIRSPACE > Flashcards

LUNGS AND AIRSPACE Flashcards

(34 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Acinar Nodules (acinar shadow/airspace nodule)

A

Definition: Consolidation/ground glass change within the acinum (structures distal to the terminal bronchiole) –> essentially centrilobular

  • Pneumonia
  • Aspiration
  • Oedema
  • Haemorrhage
  • Malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Apical opacity

A

Common:

1. Apical Scarring - wedge/triangular/cresenteric

2. Pneumonia: TB, atypical infection

3. Radiation Fibrosis

4. Pancoast tumour

RARE BUT IMPORTANT:

  • Mets
  • Hematoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Air Bronchograms

A

Common:

1. Pneumonia

2. Non-obstructive atelectasis

3. Pulmonary oedema

Less common:

- Malignancy (Adenocarcinomoa)

- Lymphoma

- Pulmonary hemorrhage

- ARDS

Rare but important:

- Organizing pneumonia

- Sarcoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Architectural Distortion

A

Abnormal displacement of pulmonary structures (bronchi/vessels/fissures/septa) with volume loss

Common:

  • Radiation fibrosis
  • IPF: UIP/NSIP
  • Sarcoid

Less common:

  • Inflammatory: Hypersensitivity pneumonitits
  • Pneumoconiosis: Silicosis, asbestosis
  • Drug induced lung disease
  • ARDS
  • TB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atelectasis

A

Obstructive (resorptive)

  • Endobronchial secretions
  • Endobronchial neoplasm
  • Foreign body/Malpositioned ET

Compressive/passive:

  • Plueral effusion
  • pneumothorax
  • Pleural mass/thickening

Adhesive:

  • Surfactant deficiency
  • Radiation pneumonitits
  • Infarct

Cicatrization:

  • TB
  • IPF: UIP/NSIP
  • Sarcoid
  • Radiation fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bullous disease

A

1. Bullous Emphysema

2. Giant bullous emphysema

3. Sarcoid (rare)

4. Proteus syndrome (v rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Airspace calcification

A

1. Healed infection: TB, histioplasmosis, varicella

2. Pneumoconiosis: silicosis, coal

3. Sarcoid

4. Metastatic calcinosis

5. Amyloid

6. Calcified mets

7. Lung Ca

Rare but important:

  • Diffuse pulmonary ossification
  • Alveolar microlithiasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lung Cavity

A

Definition:

  • Gas filled space usually associated with consolidation/mass/nodule.
  • Thick walled (>2mm)
  • More irregular than cysts

1. Abscess

2. Malignancy: primary (SCC, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma) and Secondary(SCC head/neck, renal, GIT, pancreatic)

3. Infection: TB, MAC, fungal, septic emboli

4. Infarct

5. inflammatory: Wegener’s, RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Consolidation

A

Common:

  • Infection
  • Oedema
  • Hemorrhage
  • Aspiration
  • Infarct
  • Contusion
  • OP

Rare but important:

  • Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
  • Malignancy: (invasive mucinous adenocarcinomam, lymphoma)
  • Lipoid pneumonia
  • Intralobar sequestration
  • Sarcoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lung Cyst

A

Definition:

  • Perceptible thin wall <2mm
  • Spherical lucency
  • not applicable to bulla, bleb, cavity

Common:

  • Pneumatocele
  • Honey combing
  • Incidental cyst

Less common:

  • LCH
  • LAM (associated with Tuberosclerosis)
  • Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
  • Desquamative interstitial pneumonia

Rare but important:

  • NF-1
  • CPAM
  • Tracheobronchial papillomatosis
  • Light chain deposition syndrome
  • Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lung lucencies

A

COMMON:

- Emphysema

- Pneumatocoele

- Pneumothorax

- Constrictive bronchiolitis

- Pulmonary hypertension

RARE But important:

- Bronchial atresia

- Pulmonary sequestration

- CPAM

  • Swyer-james-Mcleod syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Migratory Opacities

A

Infectious/inflammtory eitiology favoured over malignancy.

  • Recurrent Aspiration
  • Eosinophilic lung disease
  • Organising pneumonia
  • MAC
  • Vascullitis
  • Pulmonary hemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Centrilobular nodules

A

Common

  • Bronchiolitis: Infectious, aspiration, respiratory, follicular (Autoimmune)
  • Infectious airways disease
  • Mucinous invasive adenocarcinoma
  • Hypersenisitivy pneumonitis cluster 1 (acute)

Rare but important

  • Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
  • OP secondary to inhaled synthetic marijuana
  • Vascular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Random nodules

A

Hematogenous dissemination: Diffuse, no predominance

  • Miliary infection: TB, Histioplasmosis
  • Hematogenous metastasis: lung/thyroid
  • Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (early stages)
  • Sarcoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Perilymphatic nodules

A

Subpleural, septal, fissural, peribronchovascular

1. Sarcoidosis: upper lobe predominant typically

2. Lymphangitis carcinomatosis

3. Silicosis

  1. Rare: LIP, pneumoconiosis, amyloidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peripheral consolidation

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Pneumonia: bacterial, viral, organising pneumonia.
  • Lung cancer
  • Pulmonary contusion
  • Pulmonary infarct
  • Rounded atelectasis
  • Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (rare)
17
Q

Pulmonary Mass

Study These Flashcards
A

Size >3cm

  • Neoplasm:
    • Primary (malignant vs benign)
    • Metastatic
    • Lymphoma
  • ​Infection:
    • Abscess
    • TB/mycobaterium
    • Fungal (actinomycosis, crptococcus, mucormycosis)
  • organising pneumonia
  • Infarct
  • inflammatory: sarcoid, wegeners
  • Silicosis
  • Pseudotumour
  • Round atelectasis (plerual abnormality, broad based attachement of mass-like consolidation to pleural abnormality, volume loss, comet tai sign)

Rare:

  • PAVM
  • Behcet disease
  • Developmental: Sequestration, bronchogenic cyst
  • Pulmonary vein varix
  • Hydatid cyst
18
Q

Solid pulmonary nodule

Study These Flashcards
A

<3cm in size

Common:

  • Granuloma
  • Intrapulmonary LN (perifissural vs peribronchial vs intraparenchymal) - triangular
  • Mucous plug
  • Lung cancer
  • Mimics: nipple/skin/osseous lesion

Less common:

  • Carcionoid
  • Harmatoma
  • Solitary met
  • Infarct
  • Laceration
  • Abscess

RARE:

  • PAVM
  • Amyloidoma
  • Pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour
19
Q

Multiple Pulmonary Nodules

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Malignancy:
    • Metastasis
    • Lung cancer
    • Lymphoma
    • Kaposi sarcoma (Rare)
  • Inflammatory:
    • Sarcoid
    • Wegener
    • Rheumatoid nodules
    • LCH
  • Infection:
    • Bacteria, fungal (angioinvasive), viral, granulomatous (TB, MAC, Histioplasmosis, aspergillosis)
    • Septic emboli
    • Organising pneumonia
  • Pneumoconiosis: silicosis/coal worker

Rare:

  • Nodular amyloidosis
  • Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroenedocrine cell hyperplasia
20
Q

Granulomatous lung disese

Study These Flashcards
A

Infectious:

  • Mycobacterium: TB, MAC
  • Fungal: aspergillus, histioplasmosis, cyrptococcus, coccidioidomycossis,blastomycosis
  • Parasitic

Non-infectious:

  • Sarcoid
  • ANCA associated vasculitis: wegener’s, Churg-strauss
  • Hypersenisitivy pneumonitis
  • Rhematoid lung nodules
  • LCH
  • Erdheim-Chester disease
  • Secondary to substance: talc, beryliosis
  • Bronchocentric granulomatosis
  • Chronic granulmatous disease
  • Lymphoproliferative: lymphomatoid granulomatosis, lymphocytic intersitial pneumonitis
21
Q

Pulmonary nodules + cavitation

Study These Flashcards
A

Common:

  • Malignancy:
    • Lung cancer
    • Mets: SCC(head/neck), Adenocarcinoma (GIT/breast), sarcoma
    • Lymphoma
  • Infarct
  • Infection: TB/MAC, Fungal, septic emboli
  • Inflammatory: Sarcoid, Wegeners, LCH, rheumatoid nodules
  • Pulmonary lacerations

Rare: invasive tracheobonchial papillomatosis

22
Q

Large Lung Volume

Study These Flashcards
A

Common:

  • Emphysema
  • Asthma

Less common:

  • LAM
  • LCH
23
Q

Low lung volume

Study These Flashcards
A

Common

  • Expiratory imaging/poor inspiration
  • Atelectasis
  • Lung fibrosis
  • Surgery
  • Pleural disease
  • Chest wall process

Less common: neuromuscular/connective tissue disorder

Rare: pumonary hypoplasia

24
Q

Lucent hemithorax

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Pneumothorax
  • Emphysema
  • Surgery: mastectomy/lobectomy
  • Bronchial obstruction
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Swyer-James-McLeod syndrome
  • Bronchial atresia

Rare:

  • Congenital lobar emphysema
  • Poland syndrome
25
**Opaque Hemithorax**
Pleural effusion Pneumonia Malignancy: lung, endobronchial lesion, pleural Atelectasis Pneumonectomy
26
**Luftsichel Sign**
* **Central obstructing lesion:** * Primary malignancy: lung, SCC, carcinoid * Secondary causing ocmpression: lymphoma, medastinal tumour * Metastasis: RCC, melanoma, colon/breast * Benign: harmatoma, lipoma * **Endobronchial plug** (acute) * **Bronchial stenosis** (rare): * TB * Fungal * **Mimics**: * pneumomediastinum * Right lung herniation * Left upper lobectomy
27
**AIr-Cresent Sign**
* **Infection:** * Angioinvasive fungal infection * Mycetoma * Septic emboli * COP * Histioplasmosis * **Inflammatory**: Wegeners * **Contusion/laceration** * **Malignancy**: * Lepidic lung adenocarcinoma * Metastasis * **Iatrogenic:** biopsy **Rare:** * Kaposi sarcoma * Endometriosis
28
**Ground Glass Opacity**
**Acute:** * Pneumonia * Pulmonary oedema * Pulmonary hemorrhage * Hypersensitivty pneumonitis * Acute intersitital pneumonia * Radiation pneumonitis **Chronic:** * **ILD**: NSIP, smoking related (DIP/respiratory bronchiolitis) * **Malignancy**: * Adneocarcinoma spectrum * Lymphoma * Eosiniophilic pnumonia * Hypersensitivity pneumonitis **Rare:** * Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis * Drug reaction
29
**Reversed Halo Sign**
**Central GGO + surroudnign concentric/crescenteric consolidation** **Infection:** * **Organising pneumonia** * **Fungal**: angioinvasive aspergillosis, mucormycosis * **Bacterial**: TB, Legionella * **PCP** * **Infarct** **Inflammatory:** * Sarcoidosis * Wegeners **Malignancy**: adenocarcinoma Lymphoid granulomatosis Lipoid pneumonia Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
30
**Air-Cresent SIgn**
* Angioinvasive fungal infection * Mycetoma * Lung cancer * Pulmonary infarct/gangrene * Rasmussen anuerysm (Rare): TB, thin PA pseudoaneruysm * Hydatid cyst: meniscus and water lily sign
31
**_Chronic consolidation_**
* **Malignancy:** * Endobronchial tumour * Adenocarcinoma * Lymphoma * **Aspiration** * **Infection:** * Fungal infection * Organising pneumonia * **Chronic eosinophilic pneumoia** * **Sarcoidosis** * **Lipoid pneumonia** * **Churg-Strauss syndrome** * **Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis**
32
**Mass-like fibrosis**
1. Sarcoidosis 2. Pneumoconiosis: silicosis/coal workers (tend to have calcifications) 3. Berylliosis 4. Radiation fibrosis 5. Hemosiderosis 6. Talcosis
33
34
Crazy paving
* Pulmonary oedema * Lymphangitis carciomatosis * DAD * Sarcoid * PJP * Idiopathic interistial pneumonia * PAP * MAlignancy * AMyloid * Venooclusive disease/pulmonary vein stenosis * Erdheim-chester disease * lipoid pneumonia * acute eosinophilic pneumonia

Chest Differential diagnosis (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions