Lympathic System and Body Defense Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
What is the Lymphatic System?
A
Network that transports escaped fluids back to blood.
2
Q
What are Lymphatic Vessels?
A
One-way system transporting lymph to the heart.
3
Q
What is Interstitial Fluid?
A
Fluid remaining in tissue spaces after blood exchange.
4
Q
What is Lymph?
A
Fluid picked up from interstitial spaces by vessels.
5
Q
What is Edema?
A
Swelling due to excess interstitial fluid accumulation.
6
Q
What are Lymph Capillaries?
A
Highly permeable vessels absorbing leaked fluids.
7
Q
What are Mini Valves?
A
Flap-like structures allowing one-way fluid entry.
8
Q
What are Collagen Fibers?
A
Anchor lymphatic capillaries to surrounding tissues.
9
Q
What is the Right Lymphatic Duct?
A
Drains lymph from right head and thorax.
10
Q
What is the Thoracic Duct?
A
Drains lymph from the rest of the body.
11
Q
What is the Subclavian Vein?
A
Point where lymph re-enters the bloodstream.
12
Q
What are Lymph Nodes?
A
Filter lymph, removing foreign materials and pathogens.
13
Q
What are Macrophages?
A
Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in lymph.
14
Q
What are Lymphocytes?
A
WBCs responding to foreign substances in lymph.
15
Q
What are Swollen Glands?
A
Misnomer for swollen lymph nodes due to infection.
16
Q
What is the Cortex of a Lymph Node?
A
Outer region containing lymphocyte follicles.
17
Q
What is the Medulla of a Lymph Node?
A
Inner region with medullary cords of immune cells.
18
Q
What are Afferent Lymphatic Vessels?
A
Bring lymph into lymph nodes for filtration.
19
Q
What are Efferent Lymphatic Vessels?
A
Drain lymph from nodes after filtration.
20
Q
What is the Flow of Lymph?
A
Slow movement through nodes for immune response.
21
Q
What are Trabeculae?
A
Connective tissue surrounding lymph nodes.
22
Q
What is Phagocytic Activity?
A
Destruction of pathogens by macrophages in lymph.
23
Q
What is the Spleen?
A
Cleanses blood and destroys old red blood cells.
24
Q
What is the Thymus?
A
Programs lymphocytes; peaks during youth.
25
What are Tonsils?
Trap bacteria entering throat; can cause tonsillitis.
26
What are Peyer's Patches?
Lymphoid follicles in distal small intestine.
27
What is MALT?
Protects respiratory and digestive tracts from pathogens.
28
What is Innate Defense?
Immediate response; nonspecific barriers against pathogens.
29
What is Adaptive Defense?
Specific response; requires prior exposure to antigens.
30
What are Surface Membrane Barriers?
First line of defense; includes skin and mucous membranes.
31
What is the Acid Mantle?
Skin secretions that inhibit bacterial growth.
32
What is Keratin?
Resistant to acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes.
33
What are Phagocytes?
Engulf and destroy pathogens breaching barriers.
34
What are Natural Killer Cells?
Directly attack virus-infected or cancerous cells.
35
What is the Inflammatory Response?
Prevents spread of pathogens and disposes of debris.
36
What is the Complement System?
Group of proteins enhancing phagocytosis and inflammation.
37
What are Interferons?
Proteins protecting uninfected cells from viruses.
38
What is Fever?
Triggered by pyrogens; inhibits bacterial growth.
39
What are Lymphocytes?
Key cells in adaptive immune response.
40
What are Macrophages?
Engulf pathogens; involved in both defenses.
41
What is Mucus?
Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts.
42
What are Cilia?
Propel debris away from respiratory passages.
43
What is Gastric Juice?
Contains HCl to prevent pathogen growth.
44
What is Lacrimal Secretion?
Lubricates eyes and contains lysozyme.
45
What is the Appendix?
Contains lymphoid tissue; captures intestinal bacteria.
46
What is Sebum?
Oily substance containing toxic chemicals for protection.
47
What is Vaginal pH?
Very acidic environment that inhibits bacterial growth.
48
What is Sticky mucus?
Traps bacteria in the vaginal canal.
49
What is Stomach mucosa?
Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion.
50
What are Natural killer cells?
Lymphocytes that kill cancer and virus-infected cells.
51
What are Phagocytes?
Cells that engulf and digest pathogens.
52
What are Antimicrobial proteins?
Proteins that inhibit microbial growth.
53
What is Fever?
Elevated body temperature to enhance immune response.
54
What is Inflammatory response?
Non-specific reaction to tissue injury or infection.
55
What is Histamine?
Chemical that causes blood vessel dilation during inflammation.
56
What are Kinins?
Molecules that increase capillary permeability in inflammation.
57
What is Positive chemotaxis?
Movement towards higher concentration of signaling molecules.
58
What is Edema?
Swelling caused by fluid leakage into tissues.
59
What is Diapedesis?
Process of neutrophils squeezing through capillary walls.
60
What are Neutrophils?
First responders that devour foreign materials by phagocytosis.
61
What are Monocytes?
White blood cells that become macrophages in tissues.
62
What are Macrophages?
Phagocytes that clean up debris and pathogens.
63
What is Fibrin?
Protein that forms a mesh to wall off damaged area.
64
What are the Cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, pain, swelling, and impaired function.
65
What are Clotting proteins?
Proteins activated to prevent spread of damage.
66
What is Scaffolding?
Fibrin mesh that supports tissue repair.
67
What is Local heat?
Increases tissue metabolic rate for defense.
68
What are Lymphocytes?
Key cells in the immune defense line.
69
What is Pus?
Fluid from inflammation, contains WBC and debris.
70
What are Phagocytes?
Cells that engulf and digest foreign materials.
71
What are Neutrophils?
Type of phagocyte that cleans damaged tissue.
72
What are Macrophages?
Large phagocytes that engulf pathogens.
73
What is Phagocytosis?
Process of engulfing foreign material by cells.
74
What are Antimicrobial proteins?
Proteins that attack or inhibit microorganisms.
75
What are Complement proteins?
Group of proteins that enhance immune response.
76
What is Complement fixation?
Binding of complement proteins to foreign cells.
77
What is MAC?
Membrane attack complex that creates holes in cells.
78
What is Opsonization?
Process making foreign cells sticky for phagocytosis.
79
What is Interferon?
Proteins that help cells resist viral infections.
80
What is Fever?
Increased body temperature in response to infection.
81
What are Pyrogens?
Chemicals that reset the body's thermostat.
82
What are Adaptive body defenses?
Specific immune response against particular antigens.
83
What is Immunology?
Study of the immune system and its functions.
84
What are Antibodies?
Proteins that neutralize pathogens in the body.
85
What is Humoral immunity?
Antibody-mediated immunity in bodily fluids.
86
What is Cellular immunity?
Immune response targeting infected or cancerous cells.
87
What are Antigens?
Substances provoking an immune response.
88
What are Self antigens?
Body's own proteins that do not trigger attack.
89
What is a Hapten?
Small molecules that become antigenic when bound.
90
What are Lymphocytes?
Cells originating from hemocytoblast in bone marrow.
91
What are Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Cells activating lymphocytes without responding to antigens.
92
What are Immature Lymphocytes?
Naive cells released from bone marrow.
93
What does Immunocompetent mean?
Able to respond to specific antigens.
94
What are T Cells?
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus.
95
What are B Cells?
Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow.
96
What is Self-Tolerance?
Destruction of lymphocytes binding to self-antigens.
97
What is the Thymus?
Organ where T cells undergo maturation.
98
What is Clonal Selection?
Process of lymphocyte growth and multiplication.
99
What are Plasma Cells?
B cell clones that produce antibodies.
100
What are Memory Cells?
Long-lived cells for faster secondary responses.
101
What are Antigen-Presenting Cells?
Engulf and present antigens to T cells.
102
What are Dendritic Cells?
Mobile sentinels in connective tissue.
103
What are Macrophages?
Phagocytes distributed in lymphoid organs.
104
What is Antigen Recognition?
Binding of immune cells to specific antigens.
105
What is the Humoral Immune Response?
Antibody-mediated response involving B cells.
106
What are Lymph Nodes?
Sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens.
107
What is the Lymphatic System?
Network transporting lymph and immune cells.
108
What are Antibodies?
Proteins produced by plasma cells to destroy antigens.
109
What is the Secondary Humoral Response?
Faster, more effective response upon re-exposure.
110
What are Thymic Hormones?
Regulate T cell maturation in the thymus.
111
What is Phagocytosis?
Process of engulfing and digesting antigens.
112
What are Antigen Fragments?
Pieces of antigens presented on APC surfaces.
113
What is Active Immunity?
B cells produce antibodies after encountering antigens.
114
What is Naturally Acquired Immunity?
Immunity gained through bacterial or viral infections.
115
What is Artificially Acquired Immunity?
Immunity gained through vaccines containing weakened pathogens.
116
What is Passive Immunity?
Antibodies received from another source, no B cell activation.
117
What are Monoclonal Antibodies?
Antibodies from a single cell line for diagnostics.
118
What are Antibodies?
Soluble proteins that bind to specific antigens.
119
What is IgM?
First antibody produced, fixes complement.
120
What is IgA?
Found mainly in mucus, protects mucosal surfaces.
121
What is IgD?
Important for B cell activation.
122
What is IgG?
Crosses placenta, fixes complement, abundant in plasma.
123
What is IgE?
Involved in allergic reactions.
124
What is the Complement System?
Antibody ammunition activated during immune responses.
125
What is Agglutination?
Cross-linking of antigens by antibodies, can cause precipitation.
126
What is Precipitation?
Insoluble complexes formed from large antigen-antibody aggregates.
127
What is Neutralization?
Antibodies block harmful effects of toxins and viruses.
128
What are T Cell Clones?
Activated T cells that directly fight antigens.
129
What is Antigen Presentation?
APC displays processed antigens for T cell recognition.
130
What are Cytotoxic T Cells?
Kill infected cells using perforin and granzymes.
131
What is Perforin?
Chemical that creates pores in target cell membranes.
132
What are Granzymes?
Toxic enzymes that enter cells to induce apoptosis.
133
What is Immunological Memory?
Long-lasting immunity from prior exposure to antigens.
134
What are Vaccines?
Stimulate immune response without causing disease.
135
What is a Cytotoxic T cell?
Attacks and destroys infected or cancerous cells.
136
What are Helper T cells?
Recruit and activate other immune cells against invaders.
137
What are B cells?
Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
138
What are Cytokines?
Signaling molecules that mediate immune responses.
139
What are Neutrophils?
White blood cells that respond to infections quickly.
140
What are Macrophages?
Engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
141
What are Regulatory T cells?
Suppress immune response to prevent overactivity.
142
What are Memory cells?
T cells that retain immunological memory after infection.
143
What are Autografts?
Tissue grafts from one site to another in same person.
144
What are Isografts?
Tissue grafts from genetically identical individuals.
145
What are Allografts?
Tissue grafts from non-identical individuals.
146
What are Xenografts?
Tissue grafts from different animal species.
147
What is Immunosuppressive therapy?
Prevents rejection of transplanted tissues.
148
What are Corticosteroids?
Drugs used to suppress inflammation in transplants.
149
What are Allergies?
Abnormal immune response causing tissue damage.
150
What is an Allergen?
Antigen causing an allergic reaction.
151
What is Immediate hypersensitivity?
Rapid reaction triggered by histamine release.
152
What is Anaphylactic shock?
Severe systemic allergic reaction, can be fatal.
153
What is Delayed hypersensitivity?
Response from lymphokines, appears 1-3 days later.
154
What are Antihistamines?
Over-the-counter drugs for allergy symptom relief.
155
What are Immunodeficiencies?
Abnormal immune cell production or function.
156
What is AIDS?
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a severe immunodeficiency.
157
What is an Autoimmune disease?
Immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
158
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disorder destroying joint tissues.
159
What is Myasthenia gravis?
Disorder impairing nerve-muscle communication.
160
What is Multiple sclerosis?
Destroys myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord.
161
What is Graves' disease?
Excessive thyroxine production due to autoantibodies.
162
What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Destroys pancreatic beta cells, reducing insulin.
163
What is Systemic lupus erythematosus?
Autoimmune disease affecting multiple body systems.
164
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Severe kidney impairment due to inflammation.
165
What is Self-tolerance breakdown?
Immune system mistakenly targets self-proteins.
166
What is Lymphatic system development?
Lymphoid organs poorly developed before birth.
167
What is Passive immunity?
Temporary immunity acquired from maternal antibodies.
168
What is Severe edema?
Swelling due to lymphatic loss or removal.
