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Anatomy 4 > Lymph > Flashcards

Lymph Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

-carries out the immune response through lymphatic vessels and COLLECT lymph from the bldy’s interstitual spaces, FILTERS the fluid through nodes and RETURNS it to the bloodstream

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2
Q

when does interstitual fluid change its name to lymph?

A

-when interstitual fluid leaves the interstitual spaces and enter the lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

what color is lymph usually?

A
  • transparent
  • watery
  • slightly yellow
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4
Q

what are lacteals?

A

-specialized lymphatic capillaries

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5
Q

what is the lymph in lacteals called? what color is it?

A
  • chyle

- creamy-white due to the the fat absorption

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6
Q

what do lacteals do? where do they occur

A
  • occur in fingerlike projections of the small intestinal lining
  • absorbs lipids in the intestinal tract
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7
Q

what are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. drain excess interstitual fluid from tissue spaces
  2. transports dietary lipids from the GI tract to the blood
  3. protects against invasion through the immune responses
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8
Q

Besides lymph, the lymphatic system consist of?

A
  • lacteals
  • lymph vessels
  • lymphocytes
  • thymus and spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphoid nodules
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9
Q

what do lymph vessels begin as?

A
  • closed ended vessels called LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

- in spaces between tissue cells

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10
Q

where do lymphatic vessels in the viscera lie?**

A

-alongside arteries

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11
Q

where do lymphatic vessels in the subcutaneous tissue lie?***

A

-alongside veins

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12
Q

what areas are the lymphatic vessels absent from?***

A
  • CNS
  • bone marrow
  • teeth
  • avascular tissues (cornea, epidermis, hyaline cartilage)
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13
Q

what are the 3 similarities lymphatic vessels have to veins?

A
  1. valves are present to prevent backflow
  2. same 3 tunics(externa, media, interna)
  3. they receive nutrients from the vasa vasorum
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14
Q

what are some differences between lymphatic vessels and veins?

A
  1. lymphatic vessels are closed ended
  2. lymph vessels have larger diameter
  3. lymph vessels have thinner tunics
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15
Q

why do endothelial cells for the walls of lymph capillaries overlap?

A

-to keep lymph inside

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16
Q

what are anchoring filaments? what is their purpose?***

A
  • collagenous-fibers extending from endothelial cells of lymph capillaries into surrounding space
  • when interstitual fluid build up outside the vessels, the anchoring filaments open to let in fluid and lower pressure
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17
Q

when does lymph change its name to blood plasma?

A

when it goes into the subclavian vein

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18
Q

what is the flow pattern of lymph?

A
  1. interstitual spaces
  2. lymph capillaries
  3. lymph vessels
  4. lymph trunks
  5. lymph ducts
  6. subclavian veins
  7. arteries
  8. blood capillaries
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19
Q

how many lymph trunks are there? name them and say which are paired

A
  • 9
  • 2 Jugular
  • 2 Lumbar
  • 2 Subclavian
  • 2 bronchomediastinal
  • 1 intestinal trunk
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20
Q

what is the left lymphatic duct also called?

A

-throacic duct

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21
Q

what are the two channels the lymph trunks pass their lymph into?

A

-right and left lymphatic ducts

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22
Q

which throacic duct has the longer path?

A

-thoracic(left)

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23
Q

where does the thoracic duct begin?

A

-cisterna chyli

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24
Q

what joins to make the cisterna chyli?

A
  • intestinal trunk
  • right lumbar trunk
  • left lumbar trunk
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25
where do the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct drain into?
- left and right subclavian veins | - at their junctions with internal jugular veins
26
where doe the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?
- upper right side of body - right upper limb - right region of the chest' - right region of head and neck
27
what are the three ways the flow of lymph is maintained?
1. contraction of skeletal muscles 2. one-way valves 3. Respiratory pump
28
how does the contraction of skeletal muscles impact the flow of lymph?
contraction: pushes lymph upward Relax: lymph chills
29
how does the respiratory pump impact the flow of lymph?
-when you breathe, there is pressure so lymph goes into the chest cavity to release pressure
30
what are the primary lymphatic structures?
- red bone marrow | - thymus gland
31
why are primary lymphatic structures called that?
-they PRODUCE T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells to carry out immune response
32
what are the secondary lymphatic structures?
- lymph nodes - spleen - lymphatic nodules
33
where do most immune responses occue?
in the SECONDARY lymphatic structures
34
what is the thymus and where is it located?
- 2-lobed gland | - lies between the sternum and base of the heart in the superior and anterior mediastinum
35
at what age does the thymus reach its max?
10-12
36
what is the significance of the thymus atrophy?
-it hits prime size(40g) at a young age, so younger kids are better at fighting off infection.
37
does the thymus have a filtering function? why?
- nope | - no afferent lymphatic vessels
38
do lymph nodes have a filtering function? why?
- yep | - afferent lymphatic vessels
39
the thymus and the spleen are both surrounded by what?
-capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue
40
what divides the lobes of the spleen and thymus into smaller lobes?
-septa/trebeculae
41
what is the function of the thymus?
-promote the MATURATION of T-cells
42
where are T-cells made?
red bone marrow
43
what does the cortex of the thymus do?
- get T-cells that migrated from red bone marrow | - multiply them and develop them into mature T-cells
44
what does the medulla of the thymus do?
- mature T-cells migrate to medulla from cortex | - T-cells leave via medullary blood vessels
45
what hormone does the thymus secrete? what does it do?
- thymosin | - promote maturation of T-cells
46
does the spleen have a filtering function?
- nope | - no afferent lymph vessles
47
what passes through the hilum of the spleen?
-splenic blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
48
what are the two areas of the spleen?
- white pulp | - red pulp
49
what is in the white pulp of the spleen?
-B-cells around central arteries
50
what are splenic/Billroth's cords?
-full of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, etc
51
what is in the red pulp area of the spleen? what does this area do?
- venous sinuses and splenic cords - phagocytosis of bacteria - blood reservoir for blood platelets
52
what is the function of the white pulp?
-site for B-cell proliferation into plasma cells
53
where are lymph nodes heavily concentrated?
- inguinal - axillary - mammary glands
54
what is the structure of the lymph nodes??
- surrounded by capsule - have trabeculae/septa - have cortex and medulla
55
what does the cortex of the lymph nodes have?
- densely packed T-cells and immature B-cells | - germinal centers
56
what does the medulla of the lymph nodes have?
-mature B-cells
57
what are germinal centers?
-contain masses of actively proliferating lymphocytes
58
what are medullary cords?
- inner extension from cortex to hilum of lymph nodes | - have B,T cells and macrophages
59
what are afferent lymphatic vessels?
- carry lymph from tissue to the lymph node | - enter convex side of node
60
what are efferent lymphatic vessels?
-carry lymph from hilum (concave side of node) to venous circulation
61
why are there fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels?
- afferent lets a ton of shit in | - less efferent means the lymph has to stay in the node longer for a more thorough clean
62
what is the lymph path in the lymph node?
1. lymph enters through afferent 2. from subcapsular sinus 3. through cortex via cortical sinuses 4. through medulla via medullary cords 5. into hilum 6. exit by efferent
63
how do macrophages destroy foreign substances?
phagocytosis
64
how do lymphocytes destroy foreign substances?
-immune response
65
what are lymphatic nodules?
clusters of lymphocytes that stand guard mucous membranes to protect - referred to as MALT - NOT surrounded by a capsule
66
what are peyers patches?
- lymph nodules - in ileum of small intestine - contain macrophages
67
where are tonsils?
- create a ring of lymph tissue around the entrance of the pharynx - function to remove pathogens from entering pharynx
68
where is the pharyngeal tonsil/ adenoid tonsil?
-embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
69
where are the two palatine tonsils?
-lie in the posterior region of the oral cavity
70
where are the two lingual tonsils?
-located at the base of the tongue
71
where are the lymph nodules of the appendix located?
- lamina propria of mucosa | - a little bit in submucosa

Anatomy 4 (7 decks)

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