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Equine Lymphatic system > Lymph system > Flashcards

Lymph system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two semi-independant parts of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic Vessels

various lymphoid tisssues & organs

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2
Q

What kind of pressures move fluid from the capillary beds

A

Hydrostatic and Osmotic

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3
Q

What is it called when there is fluid buildup

A

Edema

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4
Q

What are lymph vessels lined with

A

Endothelial cells, thin layer of smooth muscles and adventitia (outermost connective tissue covering of an organ,vessel or other structure)

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5
Q

How does fluid enter the lymph vessels

A

Gaps in the side that open one way. Can come in but can’t leave through those openings.

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6
Q

True or False: Bacteria and viruses can enter blood capillaries, not lymph vessels

A

False

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7
Q

Where is the lymph returned to the blood and which side drains what

A

Right lymph duct drains right head and chest.
Left (large duct) drains the rest of the body
Front limb drains into axillary, Pelvic into iliosacral lymph center
Drains into the subclavian.

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8
Q

Name the 3 ways lymph is moved

A

Skeletal pumping (moving, walking), breathing, and smooth muscles.

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9
Q

What makes up 40% of the equine lymphatic system

A

Elastin

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10
Q

Is there lymph fluid in the hoof and lower leg with the lack of muscle there

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the hoof pump

A

Hoof pump fills and empties the lymphatic vessels through contact with the ground and suspension of the moving foot

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12
Q

Where does the lymph from the hoof and leg drain

A

The deep collector system/ deep collector vessels

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13
Q

Where does lymph travel

A

Towards the heart

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14
Q

What is located in the lymph system cleaning the fluid

A

Macrophages and Lymphocytes

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15
Q

Where do the lymphocytes come from

A

Red bone marrow

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16
Q

Explain lymph traveling through a node

A

The lymph enters the convex side of the node through the afferent vessels and leaves through the hilus vs efferent vessels. There are move afferent vessels then efferent so the lymph leaving takes longer so that it can being fully cleaned.

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17
Q

Name 5 lymphoid organs

A

Tonsils- first line of defense from air borne pathogen. 3 types are palatine, pharyngeal and lingual
Thymus- primary lymphatic organ. Where t-cells mature
Spleen-cleans and destroys red blood cells as well is a blood resevoir
Peyers Patch- located in small intestine. Primary lymphatic tissue. In where most waste & bacteria can manifest
Bone marrow- location of lymphocyte production & B-cell maturation

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18
Q

Name the epithieum cells on the Palatine , Pharayngeal & Lingual Tonsils

A

Stratified squamous, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithilium & stratified squamous epithilium.

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19
Q

What is the primary lymphatic organ

A

Thymus

20
Q

What is different about the spleen

A

Filters blood, destroys worn out blood cells, stores platelets and acts as a blood resevoir

21
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

Left side of body

22
Q

Where is the peyers patch located

A

Small intestine

23
Q

What does MALT and GALT stand for

A

mucosal-associated and gut-associated lymphoid tissue

24
Q

What is the primary lymphoid tissue

A

Peyers Patch

25
Q

Differentiate lymphocytes and where they mature.

A

T-lymphocites and B-lymphocites.

Both come from bone marrow but T-cells mature in thymus and B-cells mature in Bone marrow

26
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels

A

Picks up fluid and proteins that are leaked from the blood into interstitial space

27
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries differ structurally from each other

A

Lymphatic capillaries are blind ended and not fed by arteries like blood capillaries are. Lymphatic have minivalves that make them more permeable than blood capillaries.

28
Q

What is the benefit of having fewer efferent than afferent lymphatic vessels.

A

slows down the lymph in the node almost to a stop, giving time to macrophages and lymphocytes to more closely monitor the lymph.

29
Q

In which three regions of the body are the lymph nodes most dense

A

axillary, inguinal and cervical

30
Q

How do innate and adaptive defenses differ

A

innate is always ready to protect and is non-specific (skin, mucous, phagocytes, inflammatory response…). adaptive is specific to the antigen (Lymphocytes, antibodies, antigen presenting cells)

31
Q

What are 4 common indicators of inflammation

A

Heat, redness, pain, swelling

32
Q

Explain the inflammatory response

A

When cells are injured, they release chemicals called histimine and kinins that cause blood vessels to become leaky, activate pain and attract phagocytes and wbc to area (chemotaxis). Dialation of blood vessels increase blood to area (causing redness and heat). Increased permeablility of capillaries allows plasma to leak out into the tissue (edema). Neutrophils are attracted to the area from the bone marrow to start clean-up (weak phagocyte), monocytes follow neutrophils and within 8-12 hours become insatiable phagocytes.

33
Q

Explain what a B-cell does

A

B cell meets an antigen that binds to its receptors. This activates the B cell (sometimes it requires Helper T cell for direction). It then goes on to grow and multiply making plasma cells. Most plasma cells will produce antibodies where a few will become memory cells to remember the antigen in future meetings.

34
Q

Name 7 Nonspecific body defense

A

Surface membrane barriers, Phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Inflammatory Response, complement, interferons, fever.

35
Q

What is the difference between NKC, complements and interferons

A

NKC recognizes certain sugars and attack by releasing perforins that target the cells membrane and nucleus disintegrating them.
Complements are a group of 20 proteins that attach to the antigen, shoot membrane attack complexes that make lesions into the cell which allows water to rush in and explode the cell.
Interferons are virus infected cells that release proteins that bind to nearby cells that interfere with the virus’s ability to multiply.

36
Q

How does a fever help the body

A

During a fever, the liver an spleen gather up zinc and iron to make them less available to bacteria. It also increases the metabolic rate of tissue cells which speeds up repair process.

37
Q

What are the different T-cells

A

Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T cells (killer t cells), and regulatory/supressor t cells.

38
Q

What is the role of the helper T cell

A

Prods b and t cell into more rapid division, attracts wbc such as neutrophils.

39
Q

What is MADGE

A

Immunoglobulin classification

40
Q

Which Immunoglobulin is most abundant and can cross the placenta

A

IgG

41
Q

Which immunoglobulin is a pentamer

A

IgM

42
Q

Which immunoglobulin is found in saliva, tears, intestinal juice and milk

A

IgA (dimer)

43
Q

Which immunoglobulin is always attached to b cells

A

IgD

44
Q

What is the double handshake with the T cell

A

T cell has to attach to a self-protein and the antigen before it’s activated

45
Q

How is the lethal hit from a T cell done

A

The T cell releases perforin which creates holes in the antigens membrane, then granzymes come in and kill the antigen.

46
Q

Where does the lymph flow towards

A

The heart

47
Q

Where in the Lymph node is the bacteria yompchuewalized (destroyed by macrophages)

A

in the medulla sinus

Equine Lymphatic system (1 decks)

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