Lymph system

Question 1

What are the two semi-independant parts of the lymphatic system

Answer 1

Lymphatic Vessels

various lymphoid tisssues & organs

Question 2

What kind of pressures move fluid from the capillary beds

Answer 2

Hydrostatic and Osmotic

Question 3

What is it called when there is fluid buildup

Answer 3

Edema

Question 4

What are lymph vessels lined with

Answer 4

Endothelial cells, thin layer of smooth muscles and adventitia (outermost connective tissue covering of an organ,vessel or other structure)

Question 5

How does fluid enter the lymph vessels

Answer 5

Gaps in the side that open one way. Can come in but can’t leave through those openings.

Question 6

True or False: Bacteria and viruses can enter blood capillaries, not lymph vessels

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Where is the lymph returned to the blood and which side drains what

Answer 7

Right lymph duct drains right head and chest.
Left (large duct) drains the rest of the body
Front limb drains into axillary, Pelvic into iliosacral lymph center
Drains into the subclavian.

Question 8

Name the 3 ways lymph is moved

Answer 8

Skeletal pumping (moving, walking), breathing, and smooth muscles.

Question 9

What makes up 40% of the equine lymphatic system

Answer 9

Elastin

Question 10

Is there lymph fluid in the hoof and lower leg with the lack of muscle there

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

What is the hoof pump

Answer 11

Hoof pump fills and empties the lymphatic vessels through contact with the ground and suspension of the moving foot

Question 12

Where does the lymph from the hoof and leg drain

Answer 12

The deep collector system/ deep collector vessels

Question 13

Where does lymph travel

Answer 13

Towards the heart

Question 14

What is located in the lymph system cleaning the fluid

Answer 14

Macrophages and Lymphocytes

Question 15

Where do the lymphocytes come from

Answer 15

Red bone marrow

Question 16

Explain lymph traveling through a node

Answer 16

The lymph enters the convex side of the node through the afferent vessels and leaves through the hilus vs efferent vessels. There are move afferent vessels then efferent so the lymph leaving takes longer so that it can being fully cleaned.

Question 17

Name 5 lymphoid organs

Answer 17

Tonsils- first line of defense from air borne pathogen. 3 types are palatine, pharyngeal and lingual
Thymus- primary lymphatic organ. Where t-cells mature
Spleen-cleans and destroys red blood cells as well is a blood resevoir
Peyers Patch- located in small intestine. Primary lymphatic tissue. In where most waste & bacteria can manifest
Bone marrow- location of lymphocyte production & B-cell maturation

Question 18

Name the epithieum cells on the Palatine , Pharayngeal & Lingual Tonsils

Answer 18

Stratified squamous, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithilium & stratified squamous epithilium.

Question 19

What is the primary lymphatic organ

Answer 19

Thymus

Question 20

What is different about the spleen

Answer 20

Filters blood, destroys worn out blood cells, stores platelets and acts as a blood resevoir

Question 21

Where is the spleen located

Answer 21

Left side of body

Question 22

Where is the peyers patch located

Answer 22

Small intestine

Question 23

What does MALT and GALT stand for

Answer 23

mucosal-associated and gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 24

What is the primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 24

Peyers Patch

Question 25

Differentiate lymphocytes and where they mature.

Answer 25

T-lymphocites and B-lymphocites. | Both come from bone marrow but T-cells mature in thymus and B-cells mature in Bone marrow

Question 26

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels

Answer 26

Picks up fluid and proteins that are leaked from the blood into interstitial space

Question 27

How do lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries differ structurally from each other

Answer 27

Lymphatic capillaries are blind ended and not fed by arteries like blood capillaries are. Lymphatic have minivalves that make them more permeable than blood capillaries.

Question 28

What is the benefit of having fewer efferent than afferent lymphatic vessels.

Answer 28

slows down the lymph in the node almost to a stop, giving time to macrophages and lymphocytes to more closely monitor the lymph.

Question 29

In which three regions of the body are the lymph nodes most dense

Answer 29

axillary, inguinal and cervical

Question 30

How do innate and adaptive defenses differ

Answer 30

innate is always ready to protect and is non-specific (skin, mucous, phagocytes, inflammatory response...). adaptive is specific to the antigen (Lymphocytes, antibodies, antigen presenting cells)

Question 31

What are 4 common indicators of inflammation

Answer 31

Heat, redness, pain, swelling

Question 32

Explain the inflammatory response

Answer 32

When cells are injured, they release chemicals called histimine and kinins that cause blood vessels to become leaky, activate pain and attract phagocytes and wbc to area (chemotaxis). Dialation of blood vessels increase blood to area (causing redness and heat). Increased permeablility of capillaries allows plasma to leak out into the tissue (edema). Neutrophils are attracted to the area from the bone marrow to start clean-up (weak phagocyte), monocytes follow neutrophils and within 8-12 hours become insatiable phagocytes.

Question 33

Explain what a B-cell does

Answer 33

B cell meets an antigen that binds to its receptors. This activates the B cell (sometimes it requires Helper T cell for direction). It then goes on to grow and multiply making plasma cells. Most plasma cells will produce antibodies where a few will become memory cells to remember the antigen in future meetings.

Question 34

Name 7 Nonspecific body defense

Answer 34

Surface membrane barriers, Phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Inflammatory Response, complement, interferons, fever.

Question 35

What is the difference between NKC, complements and interferons

Answer 35

NKC recognizes certain sugars and attack by releasing perforins that target the cells membrane and nucleus disintegrating them. Complements are a group of 20 proteins that attach to the antigen, shoot membrane attack complexes that make lesions into the cell which allows water to rush in and explode the cell. Interferons are virus infected cells that release proteins that bind to nearby cells that interfere with the virus's ability to multiply.

Question 36

How does a fever help the body

Answer 36

During a fever, the liver an spleen gather up zinc and iron to make them less available to bacteria. It also increases the metabolic rate of tissue cells which speeds up repair process.

Question 37

What are the different T-cells

Answer 37

Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T cells (killer t cells), and regulatory/supressor t cells.

Question 38

What is the role of the helper T cell

Answer 38

Prods b and t cell into more rapid division, attracts wbc such as neutrophils.

Question 39

What is MADGE

Answer 39

Immunoglobulin classification

Question 40

Which Immunoglobulin is most abundant and can cross the placenta

Answer 40

IgG

Question 41

Which immunoglobulin is a pentamer

Answer 41

IgM

Question 42

Which immunoglobulin is found in saliva, tears, intestinal juice and milk

Answer 42

IgA (dimer)

Question 43

Which immunoglobulin is always attached to b cells

Answer 43

IgD

Question 44

What is the double handshake with the T cell

Answer 44

T cell has to attach to a self-protein and the antigen before it's activated

Question 45

How is the lethal hit from a T cell done

Answer 45

The T cell releases perforin which creates holes in the antigens membrane, then granzymes come in and kill the antigen.

Question 46

Where does the lymph flow towards

Answer 46

The heart

Question 47

Where in the Lymph node is the bacteria yompchuewalized (destroyed by macrophages)

Answer 47

in the medulla sinus