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LYMPHATIC Flashcards

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1
Q

The Lymphatic System
Consist of two semi-independent parts:

A

1.Lymphatic vessels
2.Lymphoid tissues and organs

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2
Q

Semi independent parts that

  • consist of excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins carried by lymphatic vessels
  • If fluids are not picked up, edema occurs as fluid accumulates in tissues
  • also pick up excess fluid (lymph) and return it to the blood
A

Lymphatic Vessels

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3
Q

Weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries Walls overlap to form flaplike minivalves

Fluid leaks into this

also anchored to connective tissue by filaments
Higher pressure on the inside closes minivalves Fluid is forced along the vessel

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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4
Q

It collect lymph from lymph capillaries
Carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes
Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart Right lymphatic duct drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
Thoracic duct drains lymph from rest of body

A

Lymphatic collecting vessels

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5
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins of the
cardiovascular system
Thin-walled
Larger vessels have valves
Low pressure, pumpless system
Lymph transport is aided by: Milking action of skeletal muscles
Pressure changes in thorax during breathing Smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics

A

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins of the
cardiovascular system
Thin-walled
Larger vessels have valves
Low pressure, pumpless system
Lymph transport is aided by: Milking action of skeletal muscles
Pressure changes in thorax during breathing Smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics

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6
Q

Lymphatic nodes filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
Harmful materials that are filtered:

Bacteria
Viruses
Cancer cells
Cell debris

A

Lymphatic nodes filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
Harmful materials that are filtered:

Bacteria
Viruses
Cancer cells
Cell debris

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7
Q

WHAT

Defense cells within lymph nodes:
it - engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in lymph

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

Defense cells within lymph nodes

It - respond to foreign substances in lymph

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Most lymph nodes are kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch long, and buried in connective tissue
Surrounded by a capsule
Divided into compartments by trabeculae

A

Most lymph nodes are kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch long, and buried in connective tissue
Surrounded by a capsule
Divided into compartments by trabeculae

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10
Q

PART OF LYMPHATIC NODES

(outer part)
•Contains follicles - collections of lymphocytes
•Germinal centers enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cell

A

Cortex

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11
Q

PART OF LYMPHATIC NODES

Contains phagocytic macrophages

A

Medulla (inner part)

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12
Q

Flow of lymph through nodes

Lymph enters the convex side through afferent lymphatic vessels

Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node

Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Flow of lymph through nodes

Lymph enters the convex side through afferent lymphatic vessels

Lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node

Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

Several other lymphoid organs contribute to lymphatic function (in addition to the lymph nodes)
what are these organs?

A

Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Appendix

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14
Q

WHAT LYMPHOID ORGAN

  • it is Located on the left side of the abdomen

Filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, debris

Provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance

Destroy worn-out blood cells

Forms blood cells in the fetus

Acts as a blood reservoir

A

Spleen

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15
Q

WHAT LYMPHOID ORGAN:

Found overlying the heart
Functions at peak levels only during youth

A

Thymus

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16
Q

WHAT LYMPHOID ORGAN

-Small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx (throat)

Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens

Tonsillitis results when the tonsils become congested with bacteria

A

Tonsils

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17
Q

WHAT LYMPHOID ORGAN:

Found in the wall of the small intestine

Similar lymphoid follicles are found in the appendix

Macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

A

Peyer’s Patches

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18
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Includes:
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Appendix

Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Includes:
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Appendix

Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

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19
Q

What are the wo mechanisms that make up the immune
system defend us from foreign materials

A
  1. Innate (nonspecific) defense system
  2. Adaptive (specific) defense system
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20
Q
  • specific resistance to disease
A

Immunity

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21
Q

is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense

A

Immune system

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22
Q

TYPE OF DEFENSE SYSTEM

Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials

A

Innate (nonspecific) defense system

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23
Q

TYPE OF DEFENSE SYSTEM

Fights invaders that get past the innate system

Specific defense is required for each type of invader

The highly specific resistance to disease is immunity

A

Adaptive (specific) defense system

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24
Q

Innate body defenses are mechanical barriers to
pathogens (harmful or disease-causing
microorganisms) and include:

Body surface coverings
•Intact skin
•Mucous membranes

Specialized human cells

Chemicals produced by the body

A

Innate body defenses are mechanical barriers to
pathogens (harmful or disease-causing
microorganisms) and include:

Body surface coverings
•Intact skin
•Mucous membranes

Specialized human cells

Chemicals produced by the body

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25
Surface membrane barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes, provide the first line of defense against the invasion of microorganisms Protective secretions produced by these membranes Acidic skin secretions inhibit bacterial growth Sebum is toxic to bacteria Mucus traps microorganisms Gastric juices are acidic and kill pathogens Saliva and tears contain lysozyme (enzyme that destroy bacteria)
Surface membrane barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes, provide the first line of defense against the invasion of microorganisms Protective secretions produced by these membranes Acidic skin secretions inhibit bacterial growth Sebum is toxic to bacteria Mucus traps microorganisms Gastric juices are acidic and kill pathogens Saliva and tears contain lysozyme (enzyme that destroy bacteria)
26
Cells and chemicals provide a second line of defense Natural killer cells and phagocytes Inflammatory response Chemicals that kill pathogens Fever
Cells and chemicals provide a second line of defense Natural killer cells and phagocytes Inflammatory response Chemicals that kill pathogens Fever
27
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE Lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus-infected cells Release chemicals called perforin and granzymes to degrade target cell contents
Natural killer (NK) cells
28
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE Triggered when body tissues are injured Four most common indicators (cardinal signs) of acute inflammation 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Pain 4. Swelling (edema)
Inflammatory response
29
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE Damaged cells release inflammatory chemicals Histamine Kinin These chemicals cause: Blood vessels to dilate Capillaries to become leaky Phagocytes and white blood cells to move into the area (called positive chemotaxis)
Inflammatory response (continued)
30
Process of the inflammatory response Neutrophils migrate to the area of inflammation by rolling along the vessel wall (following the scent of chemicals from inflammation) Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by diapedesis to sites of inflammation Neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury (positive chemotaxis) and consume any foreign material present
Process of the inflammatory response Neutrophils migrate to the area of inflammation by rolling along the vessel wall (following the scent of chemicals from inflammation) Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by diapedesis to sites of inflammation Neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury (positive chemotaxis) and consume any foreign material present
31
DEFENSE CELL Cells such as neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material by phagocytosis The phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome, and enzymes digest the cell's contents
Phagocytes
32
DEFENSE CELL/ CHEMICAL Enhance innate defenses by: Attacking microorganisms directly Hindering reproduction of microorganisms Most important types Complement proteins Interferon
Antimicrobial proteins
33
Complement refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the plasma Complement is activated when these plasma proteins encounter and attach to cells (known as complement fixation)
Antimicrobial proteins: complement proteins
34
DEFENSE CELL/ CHEMICAL are small proteins secreted by the virus- infected cells bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply
Antimicrobial proteins: interferons
35
DEFENSE CELL / CHEMICAL Abnormally high body temperature is a systemic response to invasion by microorganisms Hypothalamus regulates body temperature at 37°C (98.6°F) The hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells) High temperatures inhibit the release of iron and zinc (needed by bacteria) from the liver and spleen Fever also increases the speed of repair processes
Fever
36
Adaptive body defenses are the body's specific defense system, or the third line of defense Immune response is the immune system's response to a threat Antigens are targeted and destroyed by antibodies
Adaptive body defenses are the body's specific defense system, or the third line of defense Immune response is the immune system's response to a threat Antigens are targeted and destroyed by antibodies
37
Three aspects of adaptive defense Antigen specific - the adaptive system recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances Systemic - immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site Memory - the adaptive defense system recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
Three aspects of adaptive defense Antigen specific - the adaptive system recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances Systemic - immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site Memory - the adaptive defense system recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
38
Two arms of the adaptive defense system are:
Humoral immunity = antibody-mediated immunity Provided by antibodies present in body fluids Cellular immunity = cell-mediated immunity Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts
39
Antigens are any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response Examples of common nonself antigens Foreign proteins provoke the strongest response Nucleic acids Large carbohydrates Some lipids Pollen grains Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
Antigens are any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response Examples of common nonself antigens Foreign proteins provoke the strongest response Nucleic acids Large carbohydrates Some lipids Pollen grains Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
40
TYPE OF ANTIGEN Human cells have many protein and carbohydrate molecules - do not trigger an immune response in us The presence of our cells in another person's body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign Restricts donor for transplants
Self-antigens
41
TYPE OF ANTIGEN , incomplete antigens, are not antigenic by themselves When they link up with our own proteins, the immune system may recognize the combination as foreign and respond with an attack Found in poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, hair dyes, cosmetics
Haptens
42
Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: respond to specific antigens B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses; do not make antibodies
lymphocytes
43
CELLS OF ADAPTIVE DEFENSE SYSTEM help the lymphocytes but do not respond to specific antigens
. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) -
44
CELLS OF ADAPTIVE SYSTEM Arise from hemocytoblasts of bone marrow Whether a lymphocyte matures into a B cell or T cell depend on where it becomes immunocompetent
Lymphocytes
45
CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS The capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface
Immunocompetence
46
Lymphocytes (continued) T cells develop immunocompetence in the thymus and oversee cell-mediated immunity Identify foreign antigens Those that bind self-antigens are destroyed Self-tolerance is important part of lymphocyte "education" B cells develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and provide humoral immunity
Lymphocytes (continued) T cells develop immunocompetence in the thymus and oversee cell-mediated immunity Identify foreign antigens Those that bind self-antigens are destroyed Self-tolerance is important part of lymphocyte "education" B cells develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and provide humoral immunity
47
Cells of the Adaptive Defense system: An Overview Immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen, where encounters with antigens occur Differentiation from naive cells into mature lymphocytes is complete when they bind with recognized antigens Mature lymphocytes ( especially T cells ) circulate continously throughout the body
Cells of the Adaptive Defense system: An Overview Immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen, where encounters with antigens occur Differentiation from naive cells into mature lymphocytes is complete when they bind with recognized antigens Mature lymphocytes ( especially T cells ) circulate continously throughout the body
48
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells Major types of cells behaving as APCs Dendritic cells Macrophages B lymphocytes
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells Major types of cells behaving as APCs Dendritic cells Macrophages B lymphocytes
49
When they present antigens, dendritic cells and macrophages activate _____ which release chemicals
T cells,
50
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen The binding event sensitizes, or activates, the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection A large number of clones is produced (primary humoral response)
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen The binding event sensitizes, or activates, the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection A large number of clones is produced (primary humoral response)
51
Most of the B cell clone members (descendants) become plasma cells Produce antibodies to destroy antigens Activity last for 4 or 5 days Plasma cells begin to die Some B cells become long-lived memory cells capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent meetings (secondary humoral response) These cells provide immunological memory
Most of the B cell clone members (descendants) become plasma cells Produce antibodies to destroy antigens Activity last for 4 or 5 days Plasma cells begin to die Some B cells become long-lived memory cells capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent meetings (secondary humoral response) These cells provide immunological memory
52
TYPE OF Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies can be: Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections Artificially acquired from vaccines
Active immunity
53
TYPE OF Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else Naturally acquired from a mother to her fetus or in the breast milk Artificially acquired from immune sebum or gamma globulin (donated antibodies) Immunological memory does not occur Protection is short-lived (2-3 weeks)
Passive immunity
54
Passive immunity (continued) Monoclonal antibodies Antibodies prepared for clinical testing for diagnostic services Produced from descendants of a single cell line Exhibit specificity for only one antigen Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies Cancer treatment Diagnosis of pregnancy Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies
Passive immunity (continued) Monoclonal antibodies Antibodies prepared for clinical testing for diagnostic services Produced from descendants of a single cell line Exhibit specificity for only one antigen Examples of uses for monoclonal antibodies Cancer treatment Diagnosis of pregnancy Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies
55
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Antibodies (immunoglobullins, lgs) Constitute gamma globullin part of blood proteins Soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells (plasma cells) Formed in response to a huge number of an antigens
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Antibodies (immunoglobullins, lgs) Constitute gamma globullin part of blood proteins Soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells (plasma cells) Formed in response to a huge number of an antigens
56
Antibody Structure Four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light, linked by disulfide bonds to form a T- or Y-shaped molecule Each polypeptide chain has a variable (V) region and a constant (C) region Variable regions form antigen-binding sites, one on each arm of the T or Y Constant regions determine the type of antibody formed (antibody class)
Antibody Structure Four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light, linked by disulfide bonds to form a T- or Y-shaped molecule Each polypeptide chain has a variable (V) region and a constant (C) region Variable regions form antigen-binding sites, one on each arm of the T or Y Constant regions determine the type of antibody formed (antibody class)
57
Antibody classes Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles and differ structurally and functionally Five major immunoglobullin classes (MADGE) 1. IgM - can fix complement 2. IgA - found mainly in secretions, such as mucos or tears 3. IgD - important in activation of B cell 4. IgG - can cross the placental barrier and fix complement; most abundant antibody in plasma 5. IgE - involved in allergies
Antibody classes Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles and differ structurally and functionally Five major immunoglobullin classes (MADGE) 1. IgM - can fix complement 2. IgA - found mainly in secretions, such as mucos or tears 3. IgD - important in activation of B cell 4. IgG - can cross the placental barrier and fix complement; most abundant antibody in plasma 5. IgE - involved in allergies
58
Antibody function Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways Complement fixation: chief antibody antibody ammunition used against cellular antigens Neutralization: antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury Agglutination: antibody-antigen reaction that can causes clumping of cells Precipitation: cross-linking reaction in which antigen- antibody complex settles out of solution
Antibody function Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways Complement fixation: chief antibody antibody ammunition used against cellular antigens Neutralization: antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury Agglutination: antibody-antigen reaction that can causes clumping of cells Precipitation: cross-linking reaction in which antigen- antibody complex settles out of solution
59
Main difference between two arms of the adaptive response B cells secrete antibodies T cells fight antigens directly
Main difference between two arms of the adaptive response B cells secrete antibodies T cells fight antigens directly
60
Different classes of effector T cells
Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells
61
T cells must recognize nonself and self through the process of antigen presentation Nonself▬the antigen fragment presented by APC Self▬coupling with a specific glycoprotein on the APC's surface at the same time
T cells must recognize nonself and self through the process of antigen presentation Nonself▬the antigen fragment presented by APC Self▬coupling with a specific glycoprotein on the APC's surface at the same time
62
Cellular (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Specialize in killing infected cells Insert a toxic chemical (perforin or granzyme) The perforin enters the foreign cell's plasma membrane Pores now appear in the target cell's membrane Granzymes (protein-digesting enzymes) enter and kill the foreign cell - detaches and seeks other targets
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
63
Cellular (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Recruit other cells to fight invaders Interact directly with B cells bound to an antigen, prodding the B cells into clone production Release cytokines, chemicals that act directly to rid the body of antigens
Helper T cells
64
Cellular (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity A few members of each clone are memory cells A summary of cells and molecules follows
Regulatory T cells
65
Major Types of transplants, or grafts Autografts - tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person Isografts - tissue grafts from genetically identical person (identical twin) Allografts - tissue taken from a person other than an identical twin (most common type of graft) Xenografts - tissue taken from a different animal species (never successful)
Major Types of transplants, or grafts Autografts - tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person Isografts - tissue grafts from genetically identical person (identical twin) Allografts - tissue taken from a person other than an identical twin (most common type of graft) Xenografts - tissue taken from a different animal species (never successful)
66
Blood group and tissue matching is done to ensure the best match possible 75% match is needed to attempt a graft Organ transplant is followed by immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection
Blood group and tissue matching is done to ensure the best match possible 75% match is needed to attempt a graft Organ transplant is followed by immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection
67
The most important disorders of the immune system
Allergies Autoimmune disease Immunodeficiencies
68
Types of allergies
Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity —Seen in hives and anaphylaxis Due to lgE antibodies and histamine Anaphylactic shock is systemic, acute allergic response and is rare Delayed hypersensitivity —-Reflects activity of T cells, macrophages, and cytokine Symptoms usually appear 1-3 days after contact with antigen Allergic contact dermatitis (poison ivy, cosmetics)
69
Occurs when the body's self-tolerance breaks down The body produces auto-antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissue Most forms of autoimmune disease result from the appearance of formerly hidden self-antigens or changes in the structure of self-antigens, and antibodies formed against foreign antigens that resemble self-antigens
Autoimmune disease
70
May be congenital or acquired Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is a congenital disease AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by a virus that attacks and cripples the helper T cells Result from abnormalities in any immune element Production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal
Immunodeficiencies

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