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Anatomy > Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

not an organ system, but a cell
population that inhabits all organs and defends the
body from agents of disease

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system and what does it do?

A
  • Network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid
  • Inspect it for disease agents
  • Activate immune responses
  • Return fluid to the bloodstream
    Introduction
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3
Q

How does fluid recovery work?

A

Fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into
the tissue spaces
* Blood capillaries reabsorb 85%
* 15% (2 to 4 L/day) of the water and about half of the
plasma proteins enter the lymphatic system and then are
returned to the blood
The Lymphatic System

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4
Q

How does the immunity portion of the lymphatic system work?

A

– Excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals
from the tissues
* Passes through lymph nodes where immune cells stand
guard against foreign matter
* Activates a protective immune response

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5
Q

How does the lipid absorption portion of the lymphatic system work?

A

– Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are
not absorbed by the blood capillaries
The Lymphatic System

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6
Q

What is lymph?

A

the recovered fluid

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7
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

transport lymph

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8
Q

What are lymphatic tissues?

A

– Composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and
macrophages that populate many organs in the body; not confined

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9
Q

What are lymphatic organs?

A

– Defense cells are especially concentrated in these
organs
– Separated from surrounding organs by connective
tissue capsules

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10
Q

What is the composition of lymph?

A

– Clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, but much
less protein
– Originates as extracellular fluid drawn into lymphatic
capillaries
– Chemical composition varies in different places (in
intestines, after lymph nodes)

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11
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

– Penetrate nearly every tissue of the body
* Absent from central nervous system, cartilage, cornea,
bone, and bone marrow
– Endothelium creates valve-like flaps that open when
interstitial fluid pressure is high, and close when it is lo

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12
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels empty?

A

lymphatic trunks

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13
Q

Where do lymphatic trunks empty?

A

lymphatic duct

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14
Q

What are the two collecting ducts?

A

right lymphatic and thoracic

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15
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct collect from?

A

right arm, right side of head, empties into right subclavian vein

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16
Q

Where does the thoracic duct collect from?

A

below diaphragm and left side, empties into left subclavian vein

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17
Q

What moves lymph?

A

smooth muscle contraction

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18
Q

What aids the flow of lymph?

A

skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump from abdominal to thoracic cavity, flow in subclavian

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19
Q

What are NK cells?

A

– Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria,
transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or
that have turned cancerous

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20
Q

What are T Cells?

A

mature in thymus

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21
Q

What are B cells?

A

– Activation causes proliferation and differentiation into
plasma cells that produce antibodies

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22
Q

What are macrophages?

A

– Large, avidly phagocytic cells of connective tissue
– Develop from monocytes
– Phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria,
and other foreign matter
– Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments
to certain T cells alerting immune system to the
presence of the enemy
– Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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23
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

– Branched, mobile APCs found in epidermis, mucous
membranes, and lymphatic organs
– Alert immune system to pathogens that have breached
the body surface
– After internalizing the antigen they migrate to lymph
nodes to activate immune reaction

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24
Q

What are reticular cells?

A

– Branched stationary cells that contribute to the stroma
of a lymphatic organ

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25
Q

What are lymphatic nodules?

A

– Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that
congregate in response to pathogens
– Constant feature of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and
appendix

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26
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

red bone marrow and thymus

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27
Q

What is the function of the primary lymphatic organs?

A

– Site where T and B cells become immunocompetent:
able to recognize and respond to antigens

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28
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

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29
Q

What is the red bone marrow function?

A

hemopoiesis and immunity

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30
Q

What is the thymus function?

A

houses developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones regulating activity

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31
Q

What are the lymph node functions?

A

cleanse the lymph and activate t and b cells

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32
Q

What are the functions of the tonsils?

A

guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens

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33
Q

What are the 3 sets of tonsils?

A

Palatine, Lingual, and Pharyngeal (adenoid)

34
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

filter and clean blood; – Healthy red blood cells (RBCs) come and go
– For old, fragile RBCs, spleen is “erythrocyte graveyard”
– Blood cell production in fetus (and very anemic adults)
– White pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and
keeps an army of monocytes for release when needed
– Stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers to
lymphatic system

35
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

agent capable of producing disease

36
Q

What are the lines of defense against pathogens?

A

– First line of defense: skin and mucous membranes
– Second line of defense: several nonspecific defense
mechanisms
* Leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins,
natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever
– Third line of defense: the immune system
* Defeats a pathogen, and leaves the body with a “memory”
of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

37
Q

What does the skin do to defend?

A

Acts as a barrier

38
Q

What do the mucous membranes do to defend?

A

trap in mucous

39
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

cells that engulf foreign matter

40
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

A

– Neutrophils
– Eosinophils
– Basophils
– Monocytes
– Lymphocytes

41
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

– Wander in connective tissue killing bacteria
– Can kill using phagocytosis and digestion
– Can kill by producing a cloud of bactericidal chemicals
* Lysosomes degranulate—discharge enzymes into
tissue fluid causing a respiratory burst
* Creates a killing zone around neutrophil, destroying
several bacteria

42
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

– Found especially in mucous membranes
– Guard against parasites, allergens (allergy-causing
agents), and other pathogens
– Kill tapeworms and roundworms by producing
superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and toxic proteins
– Promote action of basophils and mast cells
– Phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes
– Limit action of histamine and other inflammatory
chemicals

43
Q

What do basophils do?

A

– Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other
leukocytes
– Leukotrienes: activate and attract neutrophils and
eosinophils
– Histamine: a vasodilator, which increases blood flow
* Speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area
– Heparin: inhibits clot formation
* Clots would impede leukocyte mobility
* Mast cells also secrete these substances
– Type of connective tissue cell very similar to basophils

44
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

– Three basic categories: T, B, and NK cells
– Circulating blood contains
* 80% T cells
* 15% B cells
* 5% NK cells
– Many diverse functions

45
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

emigrate from the blood into
connective tissues and transform into macrophages

46
Q

What do the macrophages do?

A

all the body’s avidly
phagocytic cells, except leukocytes
– Wandering macrophages: actively seek pathogens
* Widely distributed in loose connective tissue
– Fixed macrophages: phagocytize only pathogens that
come to them
* Microglia—in central nervous system
* Alveolar macrophages—in lungs
* Hepatic macrophages—in liver

47
Q

What are interferons?

A

—secreted by certain cells
(leukocytes) infected by viruses
– Of no benefit to the cell that secretes them
– Alert neighboring cells and protect them from
becoming infected
– Bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells
* Activate second-messenger systems within
– The alerted cell synthesizes various proteins that
defend it from infection
* Breaks down viral genes or prevents replication
– Also activates NK cells and macrophages
* Destroy infected cell before they can liberate a
swarm of newly replicated viruses
– Activated NK cells destroy malignant cells

48
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Natural killer (NK) cells continually patrol body looking
for pathogens and diseased host cells
* NK cells attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted
cells, cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells
* Recognize enemy cell and bind to it
* Release proteins called perforins
– Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma
membrane
* Secrete a group of protein-degrading enzymes—
granzymes
– Enter through pore and degrade cellular enzymes and
induce apoptosis (programmed cell death)
not specific, innate

49
Q

What is the fever function?

A

– Promotes interferon activity
– Elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair
– Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses

50
Q

What is the function of inflammation?

A

– Limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them
– Removes debris from damaged tissue
– Initiates tissue repair

51
Q

What do neutrophils do to mobilize?

A

margination, accumulate at injury

52
Q

What are monocytes the primary agents of?

A

tissue cleanup and repair

53
Q

What are the distinguishing immunity characteristics?

A

Specificity and memory

54
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A

cellular and humoral

55
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells
or diseased host cells
* Rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human
cells, where they are inaccessible to antibodies
* Kills cells that harbor them

56
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A
  • Mediated by antibodies that do not directly destroy a
    pathogen but tag it for destruction
  • Many antibodies are dissolved in body fluids
    (“humors”)
  • Can only work against the extracellular stages of
    infections by microorganisms
57
Q

What are the forms of immunity?

A

natural active and passive, artificial active and passive

58
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

– Temporary immunity that results from antibodies
produced by another person
* Fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta,
milk

59
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

– Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result
of infection or natural exposure to antigen

60
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

– Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result
of vaccination against disease

61
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

– Temporary immunity that results from the injection of
immune serum (antibodies) from another person or
animal
* Treatment for snakebite, botulism, rabies, tetanus, and
other diseases

62
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any molecule that triggers an immune
response

63
Q

What is an epitope?

A

—certain
regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate
immune responses

64
Q

What are the cells in cellular immunity?

A
  • Cytotoxic T (TC) cells: killer T cells (T8, CD8, or CD8+)
    – “Effectors” of cellular immunity; carry out attack on enemy
    cells
  • Helper T (TH) cells (CD4)
    – Help promote TC cell and B cell action and nonspecific
    resistance
  • Regulatory T (TR) cells: T-regs
    – Inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T
    cells; limit immune response
    – Like TH cells, TR cells can be called T4, CD4, CD4+
  • Memory T (TM) cells
    – Descend from the cytotoxic T cells
    – Responsible for memory in cellular immunity
65
Q

What are the life stages of a T Cell?

A

– Born in bone barrow
– Educated in thymus
– Deployed to carry out immune function

66
Q

What do T Cells do?

A

– T cells that fail are eliminated by negative selection
* Clonal deletion—self-reactive T cells die and
macrophages phagocytize them
* Anergy—self-reactive T cells remain alive but
unresponsive
* Negative selection leaves the body in a state of self-
tolerance—the surviving T cells respond only to
suspicious antigens (ignoring the body’s own proteins)
– Only 2% of T cells pass the test
* Naive lymphocyte pool: immunocompetent T cells
that have not yet encountered foreign antigens
* Deployment
– Naive T cells leave thymus and colonize lymphatic
tissues and organs everywhere in the body

67
Q

What do B cells do?

A
  • B cells develop in bone
    – Some fetal stem cells remain in bone marrow and
    differentiate into B cells
  • B cells that react to self-antigens undergo either
    anergy or clonal deletion, same as T cell selection
  • Self-tolerant B cells synthesize antigen surface
    receptors, divide rapidly, produce immunocompetent
    clones
  • Leave bone marrow and colonize same lymphatic
    tissues and organs as T cells
68
Q

What are APCS? What are the 3?

A

macrophages, dendritic, B cells
– Act as cell “identification tags” that label every cell of your
body as belonging to you
* Antigen processing
– APC encounters antigen
– Internalizes it by endocytosis
– Digests it into molecular fragments
– Displays relevant fragments (epitopes) in the grooves
of the MHC protein
– Wandering T cells inspect APCs for displayed antigens
– If APC only displays a self-antigen, the T cell disregards
it
– If APC displays a nonself-antigen, the T cell initiates an
immune attack

69
Q

What is MHC 1?

A
  • Constantly produced by nucleated cells,
    transported to, and inserted on plasma membrane
  • If they are normal self-antigens, they do not elicit a
    T cell response
  • If they are viral proteins or abnormal cancer
    antigens, they do elicit a T cell response
    – Infected or malignant cells are then destroyed before
    they can do further harm to the body
70
Q

What is MHC 2?

A
  • Occur only on APCs and display only foreign
    antigens
71
Q

What is T Cell activation?

A

– Begins when TC or TH cell binds to a MHCP
displaying an epitope that the T cell is
programmed to recognize
– T cell must then bind to another APC protein
related to the interleukins
– T cell must check twice to see if it is really bound
to a foreign antigen—costimulation
* Helps ensure the immune system does not launch an
attack in the absence of an enemy
* Would turn against one’s own body and injure our
tissues
* Successful costimulation will trigger clonal
selection
– Activated T cell undergoes repeated mitosis
– Gives rise to a clone of identical T cells
programmed against the same epitope
– Some cells of the clone become effector cells
and carry out the attack
– Other cells become memory T cells

72
Q

What makes T cells attack?

A
  • When TC cell recognizes a complex of antigen
    and MHC-I protein on a diseased or foreign
    cell, it “docks” on that cell
73
Q

What happens in the attack phase?

A
  • Helper and cytotoxic T cells play different roles in the
    attack phase of cellular immunity
  • Helper T cells play central role in coordinating both
    cellular and humoral immunity
  • When helper T cell recognizes the Ag-MHCP complex:
    – Secretes interleukins that exert three effects
  • Attract neutrophils and NK cells
  • Attract macrophages, stimulate their phagocytic activity,
    and inhibit them from leaving the area
  • Stimulate T and B cell mitosis and maturation
74
Q

What does immune memory follow?

A

primary response

75
Q

What can T cells do?

A

recall a pathogen

76
Q

What does humoral immunity do?

A
  • Humoral immunity is a more indirect method of
    defense than cellular immunity
  • B lymphocytes of humoral immunity produce
    antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for
    destruction by other means
    – Cellular immunity attacks the enemy cells directly
  • Works in three stages like cellular immunity
    – Recognition
    – Attack
    – Memory
77
Q

How does humoral recognition work?

A

– Immunocompetent B cell has thousands of
surface receptors for one antigen
– Activation begins when an antigen binds to
several of these receptors, links them together and
is taken into the cell by receptor-mediated
endocytosis
* Small molecules are not antigenic because they
cannot link multiple receptors together
– B cell processes (digests) the antigen
* Links some of the epitopes to its MHC-II proteins
– Displays these on the cell surface

78
Q

What happens in the attack phase of humoral?

A
  • Immunoglobulin (Ig)—an antibody—a defensive
    gamma globulin found in blood plasma, tissue fluids,
    body secretions, and some leukocyte membranes
79
Q

What are the actions of the 5 classes of immunoglobins?

A
  • Neutralizing antigen
    – The binding neutralizes toxins and prevents attachment of
    viruses to body cells
  • Immobilizing bacteria
    – Cause bacteria to lose their motility
  • Agglutinating and precipitating antigen
    – Two antigen binding sites, causing agglutination
    – Phagocytic cells ingest agglutinated microbes more readily
  • Activating complement
    – Antigen–antibody complexes activate complement proteins
  • Enhancing phagocytosis
    – Once antigens have bound to an antibody, the antibody acts
    as a “flag” that attracts phagocytes.
80
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

immune reaction
brought about by the first exposure to an antigen, leaves an immune memory

81
Q

What increases with secondary response?

A

IgG

82
Q

What appears first in primary response?

A

IgM, IgG rises as it declines

Anatomy (14 decks)

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