Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Lymphocytes are not what kind of cells?
A
phagocytes
2
Q
What are the most common cells in the lymphatic system?
A
lymphocytes
3
Q
Lymphocytes are what kind of leukocyte?
A
agranulocytes
4
Q
What is the function of lymphocytes?
A
Fight pathogens
5
Q
Lymphocytes in general have what kind of immunity?
A
adaptive immunity
6
Q
What are the three main types of lymphocytes?
A
T cells, B cells, and Natural killer cells
7
Q
The T in T cells stands for what?
A
thymus
8
Q
T cells are “___________ dependent.”
A
thymus
9
Q
T cells are produced in __________________, but mature in ___________.
A
red bone marrow, thymus
10
Q
What are the most common type of lymphocyte?
A
T cells
11
Q
What are the two main types of T cells and their functions?
A
- Helper T: helping things/facilitating/giving order
- Cytotoxic T/Killer T cells: kill other cells
12
Q
The B in B cells stands for what?
A
bone marrow
13
Q
B cells are “_____________ derived.”
A
bone marrow
14
Q
B cells are produced and mature where?
A
in red bone marrow
15
Q
What is the function of B cells?
A
Responsible for antibody production
16
Q
Plasma cells are what?
A
activated B cells/B cells in circulation
17
Q
Natural killer cells function
A
- Recognize variety of pathogens
- Attack infected cells & some cancers
- Fast acting
18
Q
Natural killer cells have what kind of immunity?
A
innate immunity
19
Q
What is the first line of defense of the innate immunity system?
A
Mechanical and chemical barriers
20
Q
What are the mechanical barriers?
A
Epidermis and mucosal membranes located where an opening to your body is)
21
Q
What are the chemical barriers?
A
Body secretions
Examples: perspiration, saliva, gastric juice
22
Q
What are the second defense elements of the innate immunity system?
A
- Phagocytes
- Natural killer cells
- Interferons
- Complement system
23
Q
What are the phagocytes?
A
neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages/monocytes
- think guard dog
24
Q
What is the function of phagocytes?
A
Eat cells or other particulate material
25
What are the four steps of phagocytosis?
- Chemotaxis
- Adherence
- Ingestion (eat)
- Digestion and killing
26
What is chemotaxis?
f: moving/following chemical trails = ameboid movement
27
Natural killer cells function
- Target abnormal cells
- Immunological surveillance
- think guard dog
28
What are two types of natural killer cells?
Perforins and Granzymes
29
Perforins function
pokes holes in cell membrane causing cytolysis
30
What is cytolysis?
breaking up of cell/content spills out
31
Granzymes function
trigger apoptosis of cells infected by viruses
32
Interferons belong to what group of cells?
Cytokines (messenger molecules)
33
Interferons function
- Interferons released by infected cell
- Trigger production of antiviral proteins in neighbors
- Stimulate NK cell and macrophage activity
-think alarm system
34
What is the Complement system?
- Over 30 proteins
- Always present (in body fluid)
- Set off a series of reactions
- Can work with antibodies
- think booby traps
35
What is the second line of defense of the innate immunity system?
inflammation
36
Inflammation is what kind of reaction?
a non-specific defensive reaction/response to cellular/tissue damage
37
What are the symptoms of inflammation?
redness, swelling, pain, heat
38
Inflammation function
Isolates injured area
- Clean-up
- Repairs
Response is the same regardless of type of damage
39
What are the Stages of Inflammation?
First stage: Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Second stage: emigration of phagocytes (leukocytes/neutrophils)
Third stage: Tissue repair
40
The first stage of inflammation causes what ?
Causes an increased blood flow to area (redness)
Causes an increase in plasma moving into tissue
- swelling
41
Swelling does what?
Increases number of antimicrobial and complement proteins in area
42
The first stage of inflammation is caused by what?
- histamines (causes vasodilation),
- heparin,
- prostaglandins (intensifies pain)
leukotrienes
43
What are the cells that cause the first stage of inflammation?
Released by damaged cells, mast cells, basophils
44
What causes pain in the first stage of inflammation?
- Injury of nerves
- Irritation of microbial products (possible bacteria that got in injury)
- Pressure due to swelling
- Presence of prostaglandins
45
Second stage: emigration of phagocytes
- Attracted by chemotaxis
- Neutrophils are usually first to arrive
- Monocytes follow later
- Collection of dead neutrophils and monocytes form pus
46
Third stage: tissue repair
Formation of scar tissue by fibroblasts
47
What bodily response sometimes accompanies inflammation?
fever
48
What is the purpose of a fever?
Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat
49
What hormone substance causes a fever?
Pyrogens (chemical causes an elevation in body temp)
50
What are the effects of the elevated body temps brought on by a fever?
Intensifies action of interferons (alarm system)
Speeds up repairs (chemical reactions)
51
What is Adaptive (specific) Immunity?
Ability of the body to defend itself against a specific foreign invader
52
Adaptive (specific) Immunity function
Specificity (creates specific cells that attack specific pathogens/diseases/viruses)
53
Adaptive immunity requires what?
exposure to antigen
54
What are the adaptive immune responses?
Cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
55
Cell- mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T cells (killing infected cells)
56
Antibody-mediated immunity
B cells (produce antibodies)
57
What cell coordinated the immune responses of cytotoxic cell and B cells?
Helper T cells (gives orders)
58
Cytotoxic cell and B cells have the ability to do what?
make clones and memory cells
59
Clones
clones are made of immune specific cells to prevent starting from scratch
60
Memory Cells
some clones stay behind and hold memories of needed immune response
61
Who are the key players in adaptive immunity?
Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)
62
What are Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)?
Glycoproteins in cell membranes
63
What is the overall function of Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)?
Aid in antigen recognition & T cell activation
64
What are the two types of Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)?
MHC I and MHC II
65
MHC I occurs on what kind of cells?
Occur on all nucleated cells
66
MHC I does not occurs on what kind of cells?
RBCs (because it is non-nucleated)
67
What is the function of MHC I?
Signal that cell is “normal” or “abnormal”
68
How are MHC I formed?
Random peptides from cytosol are incorporated into MCH I
69
if normal peptides are present in MHC I what happens?
T cells ignore it recognizing it as "self"
70
if abnormal peptides are present in MHC I what happens?
T cell activates and abnormal/infected cell is destroyed
71
MHC II occurs on what kind of cells?
Only on antigen presenting cells (APCs)
- Phagocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells
72
How are MHC II formed?
Antigens engulfed by phagocytosis are broken down and incorporated into MCH II aka
- Antigen processing
73
What happens if a foreign antigen/MHC II complex is present?
can lead to activation of
T cells
74
Helper T cells function
Stimulate both T and B cells
Secrete cytokines
Coordinate activities of immune system
75
Helper T cells possess what?
Possess CD4 cell markers
76
Helper t cells respond to what?
Respond to MHC II/antigen complexes
77
Cytotoxic T function
Attack antigens physically and chemically
78
How do Cytotoxic T cells attack antigens?
through Lymphotoxin, perforins and apoptosis
79
Cytotoxic T cells possess what?
Possess CD8 cell markers
80
Cytotoxic T cells respond to what?
Respond to MHCI/antigen complexes
81
Memory T
Both cytotoxic and helper T cells
Respond to same antigen on subsequent exposures
82
Why are there millions of types of B cells?
each holds different antibodies in membrane
83
B cells contain what?
Also have MHC II
Antigen presenting cells (APC)
84
Once activated B cells become what?
plasma cells responsible for antibody production
85
What are the actions of antibodies?
Neutralization
Precipitation and agglutination
Activation of complement system
Attraction of phagocytes
Opsonization
Stimulation of inflammation
Prevention of adhesion
86
What are the functions of the lymphatic and immune systems?
* Draining excess interstitial fluid
* Transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (A,
D, E, K) to blood
* Facilitating the immune response
87
Where does the lymphatic system take excess interstitial fluid?
Returns it to cardiovascular system
88
How does the lymphatic and immune systems facilitate immune response?
through:
* Pathogens
* Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
89
What are the parts of the lymphatic system?
- lymph
- lymphatic capillaries
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- lymph trunks and ducts
90
Lymph
* Fluid
* Same composition as interstitial fluid
* Only difference is location
* Formed by capillary filtration
91
Lymph nodes shape
Small, bean shaped structures
* Approximately 600
92
Lymph nodes location
* Scattered throughout body, but concentrations in neck, groin, and arm pit areas
93
Lymph nodes contain what?
* Contain macrophages, lymphocytes
94
Lymph nodes function
filter lymph
