Lymphatic and Immunity

Question 1

Consists of two semi-independent parts and a network of lymphatic vessels

Answer 1

The Lymphatic System

Question 2

• Interstitial fluid once it has entered lymphatic
  vessels
• “Clear water”

Answer 2

Lymph

Question 3

Specialized lymph capillaries present in the intestinal mucosa

Answer 3

Lacteals

Question 4

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Answer 4

1. Fluid Balance
2. Lipid Absorption
3. Defense

Question 5

• Originate as small, dead-end tubes called lymphatic capillaries
• Excess fluid passes through the tissue spaces and enters the lymphatic capillaries

Answer 5

Lymphatic Vessels

Question 6

Round, oval, or bean-shaped bodies
distributed along the various vessels
and connected in a series

Answer 6

Lymph Nodes

Question 6

Drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

Answer 6

Right lymphatic duct

Question 6

Lymph is delivered into one of two large
trunks

Answer 6

Lymphatic Vessels

Question 7

Arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body

Answer 7

Thoracic duct

Question 8

• Consists of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells and others
• When the body is exposed to MOs, the
  lymphocytes divide, increase in number and
  become part of the immune system
• Composed of very fine collagen fibers (reticular fibers) from reticular cells where lymphocytes attach and filter the passing fluid

Answer 8

Lymphatic Tissue

Question 9

Loose arrangement of cells and reticular
fibers

Answer 9

Lymphoid Tissues

Question 10

solid, spherical bodies
- B cells predominate
- Enlarges when B cells are dividing

Answer 10

Lymphoid follicles/nodules

Question 11

• Isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue, similar to tonsils
• Found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
• Similar structures are found in the appendix

Answer 11

Peyer’s Patches

Question 12

• Simplest lymphoid organs
• Form a ring of lymphatic tissue around
  the pharynx

Answer 12

Tonsils

Question 13

Lie at the base of the tongue

Answer 13

Lingual tonsil

Question 14

• Principal lymphoid organs of the body
• Embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels
• Aggregations of these nodes occur near the body surface in inguinal,
  axillary, and cervical regions of the body

Answer 14

Lymph nodes

Question 15

Is in the left superior side of the abdomen. A limited reservoir for blood

Answer 15

Spleen

Question 16

A bilobed organ that secretes hormones (thymosin and thymopoietin) that cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

Answer 16

Thymus

Question 17

The ability to resist the harmful effects of
microorganisms and other foreign substances

Answer 17

Immunity

Question 18

Responds quickly and consists of:
* Mechanical mechanisms
- Skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms
- Tears, saliva, and mucus remove them
* Chemical mediators
* Cells
* Inflammatory Response

Answer 18

Innate Immunity

Question 19

Forms a mechanical barrier that prevent entry of pathogens

Answer 19

Intact mucous membranes

Question 20

Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes

Answer 20

Keratin

Question 21

Is antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory

Answer 21

Adaptive Immunity

Question 22

T cells recognize self major histocompatability proteins (self-MHC)

Answer 22

Positive selection

Question 23

T cells must not recognize self-antigens

Answer 23

Negative Selection

Question 24

display antigens on the surface of nucleated cells, resulting in the destruction of the cells

Answer 24

MHC class I molecules

Question 25

Display antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, resulting in the activation of immune cells

Answer 25

MHC class II molecules

Question 26

is suppression of the immune system’s response to an antigen

Answer 26

Tolerance

Question 27

Secreted into the saliva, tears, and onto mucous membranes to provide protection on body surfaces

Answer 27

lgA

Question 28

An antibody that binds to an antigen and inactivates it.

Answer 28

Direct effects

Question 29

- Cells infected with intracellular micro-organisms process antigens that combine with MHC class I molecules - Cytotoxic T cells are stimulated to divide, producing more cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells, when MHC class I/antigen complexes are presented to T-cell receptors

Answer 29

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 30

Enters tissues from the blood and releases chemicals that inhibit inflammation

Answer 30

Eosinophil

Question 31

s is the ability of white blood cells to move to tissues that release certain chemicals

Answer 31

Chemotaxis

Question 32

Can be activated by either the classical or the alternative pathway. Part of the adaptive immunity

Answer 32

Complement

Question 33

- Prevent pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane - Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation

Answer 33

MALT

Question 34

Normally acid pH inhibits bacterial growth, cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body

Answer 34

Urine

Question 35

An amine released from mast cells, basophils, and platelets; causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, stimulates gland secretions

Answer 35

Histamine

Question 36

are proteins produced by most cells, that interfere with virus production and infection

Answer 36

Interferons

Question 37

Are chemicals released by neutrophils, monocytes, and other cells, that stimulate fever production

Answer 37

Pyrogens

Question 38

Promotes apoptosis (cell suicide) by directly attacking virus-infected or cancerous body cells; recognize general abnormalities rather than specific antigens.

Answer 38

Natural killer (NK) cells