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HOSA: Med Term > Lymphatic/Immune > Flashcards

Lymphatic/Immune Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of lymphatic system

A

absorb fat & fat-soluble vitamins thru lacteals, remove waste & destroy pathogens, return filtered lymph to veins

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2
Q

define LEUKOCYTE

A

white blood cell

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3
Q

define MUCOUS

A

adjective describing specialized membranes that line body cavities

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4
Q

define MUCUS

A

noun; fluid secreted by mucous membranes

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5
Q

define LACTEALS

A

specialized structures that absorb fats that can’t go thru blood & transforms them to be put in blood

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6
Q

describe INTERSTITIAL FLUID

A

plasma from arterial blood from arterioles to capillaries flowing into spaces between cells of tissues that deliver nutrients, O2, & hormones & bring waste & protein when leaving; 90% returning fluid

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7
Q

interstitial fluid is also known as

A

intercellular or intertissue fluid

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8
Q

describe LYMPH

A

10% return fluid that is not interstitial fluid; clear, faintly yellow & watery w/electrolytes & proteins; remove dead cells, debris, & pathogen

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9
Q

define LYMPHATIC CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A

upward movement, fluid filtered by lymph nodes & depend on pumping motion of muscles to move liquid

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10
Q

aka: lymph

A

lymphatic fluid

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11
Q

aka: lymphatic circulatory system

A

secondary circulatory system

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12
Q

describe LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

A

microscopic, sealed on 1 side & tubes near surface; separate to bring lymph & close to push up & forward

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13
Q

define LYMPHATIC VESSELS

A

vessels deep in tissue w/valves to prevent backflow & form ducts to drain

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14
Q

describe RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

A

right side of head & neck, upper right body quadrant & right arm; empty into right subclavian vein

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15
Q

thoracic duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel; left side of head & neck, LUG, left arm, lower trunk, legs’ empty into left subclavian vein

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16
Q

describe LYMPH NODES

A

lymphocytes destroy harmful stuff in lymph & filter to rejoin circulation; 400-700 in body in 3 groups (cervical, axillary, & inguinal)

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17
Q

define LYMPHOCYTES

A

leukocytes formed in bone marrow as stem cells that defend against antigens

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18
Q

aka: lymphocytes

A

lymphoid cells

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19
Q

define NATURAL KILLER CELLS

A

lymphocytes kill cancer/infected cells

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20
Q

define B CELLS

A

lymphocytes deal w/humoral immunity & immunoglobulins

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21
Q

aka: b cells

A

b lymphocytes

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22
Q

define HUMORAL IMMUNITY

A

turn plasma cells & secrete immunoglobulins

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23
Q

define IMMUNOGLOBULINS

A

antibody destroy antigen & then turns into plasma cell to secrete antibodies

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24
Q

define T CELLS

A

help in cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q

aka: t cells

A

T lymphocytes

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26
Q

describe CYTOKINES

A

group of proteins released by T-cells to act as intracellular signals for immune response; types = cytotoxic, helper, natural killer

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27
Q

define INTERFERONS

A

made in response to antigens to activate immune system, slow/stop virus multiplication, & signal cells to increase defense

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28
Q

define INTERLEUKINS

A

direct B & T cells to divide & proliferate (+ other stuff)

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29
Q

components of cell-mediated immunity

A

interleukins, interferons, cytokines

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30
Q

define CYTOTOXIC CELLS (T8)

A

attach to antigens & destroy

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31
Q

define HELPER CELLS (T4)

A

aid B cells to recognize antigens & stimulate antibody production

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32
Q

define NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK cells)

A

target pathogenic cells (viruses & cancers) by recognizing sugars

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33
Q

describe TONSILS

A

3 masses of lymphoid tissue in protective ring to stop pathogens to respiratory from nose & mouth (adenoids, palatine, lingual)

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34
Q

describe THYMUS

A

mass of lymphoid above heart that stimulates lymphocytes into T cells; biggest @ puberty & shrinks w/age

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35
Q

define VERMIFORM APPENDIX

A

mass of lymphoid tissue that hangs from lower part of cecum

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36
Q

define SPLEEN

A

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue in LUQ inferior diaphragm & posterior stomach

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37
Q

purpose of spleen

A

filters microorganisms & foreign from blood; forms lymphocytes & monocytes; destroyes RBCs; store extra RBCs & maintain balance between plasma & RBCs

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38
Q

define ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION

A

bind antigen to antibodies so immune can recognize & destroy

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39
Q

aka: antigen-antibody reaction

A

immune reaction

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40
Q

define TOLERANCE

A

acquired unresponsiveness to specific antigen or decline in responsiveness to drug

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41
Q

describe IMMUNOGLOBULINS

A

bind w/specific antigens in antigen-antibody response; types = G, A, M, D, E

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42
Q

describe IgG

A

most abundant & main defense; blood & lymph; fight bacteria, fungus, viruses, & foreign particles; 75% all Ig; only one that can cross placenta

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43
Q

describe IgA

A

gen against ingested antigens; bodily secretions/fluids; prevent attachment of virus & bacteria to epithelial surface

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44
Q

define IgM

A

in circulating bodily fluids & 1st to appear in response to exposure

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45
Q

define IgD

A

only on surface of B cells & important in B cell activation

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46
Q

define IgE

A

made in lungs, skin, mucous membranes & responsible for allergic reactions

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47
Q

describe PHAGOCYTES

A

specialized leukocytes part of antigen-antibody that destroys cell debris, dust, pollen, & pathogens; types = monocytes, macrophage, dendritic cells, mast cells

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48
Q

define MONOCYTES

A

leukocytes w/immunological defenses & become macrophages & dendritic cells after leaving bloodstream

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49
Q

define MACROPHAGE

A

leukocyte surround & kill to remove dead cells & stimulate immune cells

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50
Q

describe DENDRITIC CELLS

A

specialized leukocytes patrol body; grabs & swallows & alerts B & T cells

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51
Q

describe COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

A

group of proteins circulate blood when inactive; together w/antibodies dissolve & remove pathogenic bacteria & foreign cells

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52
Q

describe IMMUNITY

A

state of being resistant to disease; natural/passive (since birth/breast milk) & acquired (have had disease/vaccine)

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53
Q

describe MYCOSIS

A

any abnormal condition/disease bc of fungus

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54
Q

describe LYMPHADENITIS lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of lymph nodes gen indicating infection

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55
Q

aka: lymphadenitis

A

swollen glands

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56
Q

define LYMPHADENOPATHY

A

any disease affecting lymph nodes

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57
Q

describe LYMPANGIOMA

A

benign tumor from weird collection of lymphatic vessels bc congenital malformation of lymphatic system

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58
Q

define RUPTURED SPLEEN

A

covering of spleen torn

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59
Q

describe LYMPHEDEMA (LE)

A

swelling form abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues bc of damage to system; associated w/infections

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60
Q

define ALLERGIC REACTION

A

immune system reacts to harmless allergen

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61
Q

aka: allergy

A

hypersensitivity

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62
Q

define ALLERGY

A

overreaction to particular allergen

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63
Q

define LOCALIZED ALLERGIC RESPONSE localized allergic response

A

redness, itching, & burning after allergen contact

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64
Q

aka: localized allergic response

A

cellular response

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65
Q

define SYSTEMIC REACTION

A

anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock

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66
Q

define ANAPHYLAXIS

A

severe & potentially fatal allergic reaction w/hives, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, shock

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67
Q

describe AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

A

immune system makes antibodies against own; genetic & predominant in childbearing age women

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68
Q

define IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDER

A

missing/deficient in +1 part of immune response

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69
Q

describe SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID)

A

rare & inherited; high susceptibility to infection & failure to thrive

70
Q

describe HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

A

blood-borne infection of virus that damages/kills T cells leading to progressive failure making patient very susceptible for life-threatening infections

71
Q

define ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)

A

most advanced & fatal stage of HIV

72
Q

define OPPORTUNISITIC INFECTION

A

pathogen able to cause infection when host weak but otherwise not able to when patient healthy

73
Q

describe KAPOSI’S SARCOMA

A

opportunistic infection associated w/HIV; cancer causing patches of red/purple abnormal tissue under skin, lining of mouth/nose/throat, in organs

74
Q

describe ANTHRAX

A

contagious disease transmit thru livestock infected w/bacillus anthracis

75
Q

describe SHIGELLOSIS

A

infection caused by shigella leading to diarrhea & fever; prevent w/good hygiene

76
Q

describe LYME DISEASE

A

transmit via tick bite that bit infected deer w/spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi; s/s: fever, headache, fatigue, skin rash

77
Q

define TINEA PEDIS

A

fungal infection between toes

78
Q

aka: tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

79
Q

aka: Candidiasis

A

yeast infection

80
Q

describe GIARDIASIS

A

diarrheal disease from Giardia transmitted thru feces contaminated H2O

81
Q

describe MALARIA

A

parasite in mosquitoes to humans; s/s: fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, & fatigue

82
Q

describe TOXOPLASMOSIS

A

condition from parasites from pets to ppl via contaminated feces; pregnant ppl avoid

83
Q

describe EBOLA

A

rare & generally fatal; transmit w/any bodily fluid w/virus & only when symptoms present; s/s: high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, internal bleeding, & organ failure

84
Q

describe MEASLES

A

acute, highly contagious infection transmitted via respiratory droplets w/rubeola virus; s/s: red, itchy rash over body/high fever/runny nose/coughing/hearing loss/bronchitis

85
Q

define MUMPS

A

acute viral infection w/swelling of parotid glands & gonads

86
Q

describe RUBELLA

A

viral infection gen not severe/long very serious for women in early pregnancy; s/s: low fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, fine pink rash

87
Q

describe RABIES

A

acute viral infection thru bite/saliva of infected

88
Q

describe WEST NILE VIRUS

A

spread via infected mosquito bite; mild (flu like) or severe (spread to brain & spine)

89
Q

describe ZIKA VIRUS

A

spread via infected mosquito bite, mom to baby, sex; s/s: fever, rash, birth defects

90
Q

describe CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

A

found in most bodily fluids; silent infection until weakened immune or mom to baby; can cause serious congenital disabilities to baby

91
Q

define VARICELLA

A

fever & rash w/itchy fluid-filled blisters

92
Q

aka: varicella

A

chicken pox

93
Q

describe HERPES ZOSTER

A

acute viral infection w/painful rash along torso along inflamed peripheral nerve bc of reactivated varicella virus

94
Q

aka: herpes zoster

A

shingles

95
Q

describe INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

A

caused by Epstein-Barr virus in teens & YA; s/s: fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen swelling, liver involvement; spread via saliva

96
Q

aka: infectious mononucleosis

A

monon

97
Q

describe ROSEOLA

A

common infants 6 months-2yrs; s/s: high fever & rash

98
Q

aka: roseola

A

sixth disease

99
Q

define NEOPLASM

A

tumor

100
Q

define LEIOMYOMA

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

101
Q

define LEIOMYOSARCOMA

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

102
Q

define RHABDOMYOMA

A

benign tumor of striated muscle on/in smooth muscle of heart

103
Q

define RHABDOMYOSARCOMA (RMS)

A

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

104
Q

define MYOSARCOMA

A

malignant tumor from muscle

105
Q

define CARCINOMA

A

malignant tumor occurring in epithelial

106
Q

define CARCINOMA IN SITU

A

in og position & not disturbing/invading

107
Q

define ADENOCARCINOMA

A

any 1 of large group of carcinomas from glandular/mucus secreting tissue (pancreas, lung, prostate, colon, esophagus)

108
Q

define SARCOMAS

A

malignant tumor from connective (hard & soft)

109
Q

define OSTEOSARCOMA

A

hard-tissue sarcoma gen w/upper shaft of long bones/pelvis/knee

110
Q

define LYMPHOMA

A

gen term for malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

111
Q

describe HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA (HL)

A

large, cancerous lymphocytes that compromise immune; spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes

112
Q

describe NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA (NHL)

A

more common than HL; any lymphoma except Hodgkin’s, origin @ lymphocytes

113
Q

describe DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU (DCIS)

A

earliest stage of breast cancer before abnormal cells break thru milk duct walls; cancerous or benign

114
Q

describe INFILTRATING DUCTAL CARCINOMA (IDC)

A

breast cancer starts in milk duct & invades fatty breast outside duct; most common

115
Q

describe INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER (IBC)

A

rare & aggressive; cancer blocks lymphatic vessels in skin of breast; s/s: pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness, rash, swelling of nearby lymph nodes

116
Q

define LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY

A

detect damage or malformations of lymphatic vessels w/radioactive substance into ducts & follow w/scanner or probe

117
Q

define BIOIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY

A

noninvasive way to diagnose lymphedema by measuring resistance to electrical current thru affect limb

118
Q

define ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)

A

blood test to screen for HIV antibodies, lyme disease, & other conditions

119
Q

define MOLECULAR BREAST IMAGING (MBI)

A

nuclear medicine w/gamma radiation to detect potential breast cancer

120
Q

define BREAST MRI

A

w/magnets, radio waves, & contrast

121
Q

define CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY

A

hollow needle to collect samples

122
Q

define SURGICAL BIOPSY

A

tissue collected bigger than tissue

123
Q

define LYMPH NODE DISSECTION

A

all lymph nodes in major area removed to determine or slow cancer

124
Q

define CULTURE & SENSITIVITY (C&S)

A

specimens put in growth medium & observed for bacterial reproduction

125
Q

define IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS

A

measures immunoglobulins based on differences in electrical charge & reactivity

126
Q

define SEROLOGY

A

any variety of tests that screen blood for antigen-antibody reactions to show presence of infection/disease

127
Q

define ANTIANGIOGENESIS

A

treatment disrupts blood supply to tumor

128
Q

define ANTIHISTAMINES

A

relieve/prevent symptoms of allergy & prevent effects of histamine

129
Q

define IMMUNOTHERAPY

A

stimulate/repress immune response

130
Q

aka: immunotherapy

A

biological therapy

131
Q

define SYNTHETIC IMMUNOGLOBULINS

A

post-exposure preventive against certain viruses (rabies & hepatitis)

132
Q

aka: synthetic immunoglobulins

A

immune serum

133
Q

define SYNTHETIC INTERFERON

A

use in treatment of MS, hepatitis C, & cancers

134
Q

describe MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

A

any antibodies made in lab by identical offspring of clone of cells to artificially produce antibodies to enhance immune; treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer

135
Q

describe HIV TREATMENT

A

antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimen; cocktail of drugs

136
Q

define IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT

A

prevent/reduce normal immune response to prevent rejection of transplants & depress autoimmune disorders

137
Q

define CORTICOSTEROID DRUG

A

synthetic hormone closely resembling cortisol

138
Q

describe CYTOTOXIC DRUG

A

medication kill/damage cells; used as immunosuppressant/antineoplastic

139
Q

define BACTERICIDE

A

substance that kills bacteria

140
Q

define HOMRONE THERAPY

A

can treat Er & PR positive breast cancers

141
Q

define LUMPECTOMY

A

remove tumor & other abnormal tissue of breast & good margins

142
Q

aka: lumpectomy

A

partial mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery

143
Q

describe MASTECTOMY

A

surgical removal of part/all breast & nipple & sometimes axillary lymph nodes; can spare skin & nipple; done if tissue diseased

144
Q

aka: mastectomy

A

total or simple mastectomy

145
Q

define MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY

A

surgical removal of entire breast & all/some axillary lymph nodes of adjacent arm

146
Q

describe RADICAL MASTECTOMY

A

surgical removal of entire breast tissue, chest muscles, & lymph nodes; rare cases for breast cancer

147
Q

define SIMPLE MASTECTOMY

A

surgical removal of entire breast tissue w/o touching lymph nodes

148
Q

define CHEMOTHERAPY

A

use chemical agents & drug cocktails

149
Q

define CHEMOPREVENTION

A

use natural/synthetic substances to reduce risk of developing/redeveloping cancer & reduce size/slow tumor development

150
Q

describe ANTINEOPLASTIC

A

meds block development/growth/proliferation of malignant cells; common cancer treatment

151
Q

define BRACHYTHERAPY

A

use radioactive materials in contact w/or implanted target tissues

152
Q

define TELETHERAPY

A

radiation therapy from distance

153
Q

describe TOMOTHERAPY

A

combo of tomography w/radiation therapy leading to precise target; radiation delivered slice by slice

154
Q

define TARGETED THERAPY

A

develop form of anticancer to identify & attack specific cancer w/o harming other cells

155
Q

describe ADJUVANT THERAPY

A

sometimes done after primary treatment; include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy, & targeted therapy

156
Q

define CLINICAL TRIALS

A

involve testing new & promising cancer treatments w/o FDA approval for research

157
Q

define ANTIBODY THERAPY

A

synthetic immunoglobulins, interferons, or immunodeficiency disease

158
Q

define BACILLI

A

rod shaped spore forming bacteria

159
Q

define RICKETTSIA

A

small bacterium living in lice, fleas, ticks, & mites

160
Q

define SPIROCHETES

A

long, slender, spiral shaped bacteria w/flexible walls & can move

161
Q

describe STAPHYLOCOCCI

A

group of 30 species of bacteria forming irregular clusters like grapes; most harmless & in skin & mucous membranes but some can lead to infection

162
Q

define STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

A

infects wounds, toxic shock, food poisoning

163
Q

aka: staphylococcus aureus

A

staph aureus

164
Q

describe STREPTOCOCCI

A

bacteria forming chain; many harmless but some cause disease

165
Q

describe METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA)

A

bacteria resistant to most antibiotics so infection becomes more serious, difficult to treat, & fatal; s/s: small, red bumps w/black tops become abscesses

166
Q

define FUNGUS

A

simple parasitic organism that is harmless or pathogenic

167
Q

define YEAST

A

type of fungus

168
Q

define PARASITE

A

plant or animal living on or within another @ expense of host

169
Q

define VIRUSES

A

very small infectious agents that invades cells & reproduce in cells

170
Q

define MMR VACCINE

A

measles, mumps, & rubella vaccine given in early childhood

171
Q

define ANGIOGENESIS

A

process tumor supports growth by making own supply

172
Q

define STAGING

A

classifying tumors by progression, response to therapy & prognosis

HOSA: Med Term (20 decks)

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