Lymphatic System Flashcards by Nana Eloise

Functions (LYMPHATIC SYSTEM)

Fluid Balance
Fat Absorption
Defense

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LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND VESSELS

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
THORACIC DDUC

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tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium
(LS)

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

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resemble small veins; formed
when lymphatic capillaries join together

Lymphatic Vessels

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lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck and chest; empties into the right subclavian vein

RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

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lymphatic vessels from the rest of
the body; empties into the left subclavian vein

THORACIC DUCT

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LYMPHATIC ORGANS

Tonsils, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus

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consists of many lymphocytes
and other cells, such as macrophages; found within lymphatic organs

LYMPHATIC TISSUE

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TONSILS

Palatine, Pharyngeal, Lingual

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located on each side of the
posterior opening of the oral cavity; usually referred to as “the tonsils”

PALATINE TONSILS

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located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity
(TONSILS)

Pharyngeal Tonsil

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enlarged pharyngeal tonsil

ADENOID

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on the posterior surface of the
tongue (TONSILS)

Lingual Tonsils

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Rounded structures, varying from the size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond

LYMPH NODES

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dense connective tissue that surrounds each lymph node

CAPSULE

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extensions of the capsule

TRABECULAE

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dense aggregations of tissue form from lymphocytes and other cells

LYMPHATIC NODULES

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spaces between the lymphatic
tissues that contain macrophages on a network of fibers

Lymphatic Sinuses

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lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes

Germinal Centers

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• Roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in
the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity
• Has an outer capsule of dense CT and a small
amount of smooth muscle

SPLEEN

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divide the spleen into small, interconnected compartments containing 2 specialized
types of lymphatic tissue

Trabeculae

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surrounds the arteries within the spleen

WHITE PULP

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associated with the veins (spleen)

RED PULP

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Bilobed gland roughly triangular in shape
Site for maturation of lymphocytes

THYMUS

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thin connective tissue that surrounds each lobe (thymus)

CAPSULE

divide each lobe into lobules (thymus)

trabeculae

dark-staining areas where lymphocytes are numerous

Cortex

lighter-staining, central portion of the lobules; has fewer lymphocytes (thymus)

Medulla

The lymphatic system removes fluid from tissues, absorbs fats from the small intestine, and produces B cells and T cells, which are responsible for much of immunity.

The ability to resist damage from foreign substances – such as microorganisms, harmful chemicals, and internal threats

IMMUNITY

nonspecific resistance; the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed.

INNATE IMMUNITY

specific immunity; the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them improves each time the foreign substance is encountered.

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance

SPECIFICITY

ability of the adaptive immunity to “remember” previous encounters with a particular substance

MEMORY

PHYSICAL BARRIERS prevent microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body in two ways:

1. Skin and mucous membranes FORM BARRIERS that prevent their entry 2. Tears, saliva, and urine WASH these substances from body surfaces

molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

group of approximately 20 proteins found in plasma

complement

are proteins that protect the body against viral infections

interferons

Most important cellular components of immunity

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Important chemicals known to attract WBC:

Complement, Leukotrienes, Kinins, Histamine

movement of WBC toward these chemicals

CHEMOTAXIS

the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes

PHAGOCYTOSIS

small phagocytic cells that are usually the first cells to enter infected tissues

Neutrophils

accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at a site of infection

PUS

monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about fivefold

macrophages

phagocytes ith a single (mono), unlobed nucleus

MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM

macrophages in the lungs

Dust cells

CELLS OF INFLAMMATION

Basophils Mast cells Eosinophils

motile WBCs that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues

BASOPHILS

nonmotile cells in CT, esp. near capillaries

MAST CELLS

produced in red bone marrow; enter the blood, and within a few minutes enter tissues

EOSINOPHILS

Type of lymphocyte produced in RBM, account up to 15% of lymphocytes Recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells in general; causes these cells to lyse

Natural Killer Cells

confined to a specific area of the body (inflammatory response)

Local Inflammation

Symptoms of local inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

generally distributed throughout the body (inflammatory response)

Systemic Inflammation

symptoms of systemic inflammation

increase in neutrophil numbers fever shock

substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses

ANTIGENS

introduced from outside the body (Ex: bacteria, viruses, chemicals released by microorganisms)

FOREIGN ANTIGENS

caused by foreign antigens that produce an overreaction of the immune system

allergic reaction

molecules of the body produces to stimulate and immune system response (antigens)

Self-Antigens

results when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue

Autoimmune Disease

involves proteins called antibodies, which are found in the plasma

ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY

lymphocyte that produces antibodies

B cells

involves the actions of a second type of lymphocyte, called T cells

Cell-Mediated Immunity

lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

promote inflammation and phagocytosis

Cytokines

inhibit the activities of both AMI and CMI

HELPER T CELLS

Give rise to all the blood cells

Stem cells

small groups of identical B cells or T cells that are form during embryonic development

Clones

proteins of the lymphocytes

Antigen receptors

antigen receptors on B cells

B cell Receptors

antigen receptors on T cells

T-cell receptors

glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) MOLECULES

achieved by cytokines (regulator of neighboring cells)

COSTIMULATION

is a cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells

Interleukin-1

binds to _________ receptors and stimulates the helper T cells to divide

interleukin-2

when helper T cells stimulate B cells to divide and differentiate into cells that produce antibodies

B-cell Proliferation

proteins produced in response to an antigen

Antibodies

part of the antibody that combines with the antigen

VARIABLE REGION

the rest of the antibody

CONSTANT REGION

other name for antibodies

GAMMA GLOBULINS

part of the plasma where antibodies and found

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

What are the effects of antibodies?

Directly inactivate antigens or cause them to clump together Indirectly destroy antigens by promoting phagocytosis and inflammation

results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen

PRIMARY RESPONSE

produce antibodies

PLASMA CELLS

responsible of the secondary response

MEMORY B CELLS

occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response

SECONDARY RESPONSE / MEMORY RESPONSE

A function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms inside body cells

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Results from natural exposure to an antigen

Active Natural Immunity

An antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system

Active Artificial Immunity

Results when antibodies are transferred from a mother to a child across the placenta before birth

Passive Natural Immunity

Transfer of antibodies from an animal to a person

Passive Artificial Immunity

Innate immunity, antibody-mediated immunity, and cell-mediated immunity can function together to eliminate an antigen

Treats disease by altering immune system function or by directly attacking harmful cells

IMMUNOTHERAPY

Lymphatic System Flashcards

(94 cards)