Lymphatic System

Question 1

What is the “lost fluid”

Answer 1

The amount of fluid that enters the interstitial fluid but doesn’t return to the blood. It is cleansed of debris, and pathogens and returned to the systemic circulation

Question 2

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 2

• return excess tissue fluid to the blood
• return leaked proteins to the blood
• carry pathogens to lymph nodes
• carry absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood through lacteals

Question 3

What is lymph?

Answer 3

interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries

Question 4

which body region drains lymph into the right lymphatic duct?

Answer 4

right lower limb

• the thoracic duct receives lymph from the right lower limb
• the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the regions superior to the diaphragm on the right side of the body

Question 5

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 5

thymus (thyroid area) and the red bone marrow

Question 6

what are the secondary primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 6

lymph nodes, tonsils (dimples and chin area), spleen (left side below lungs above intestines), Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules in the small intestine), appendix (at the end of the large intestine (right side))

Question 7

What is the intention of the lymphatic system?

Answer 7

To filter out any bad solutes and molecules that may be within the blood by taking out a bit of fluid from the interstitial fluid and removing waste

Question 8

What systems does the lymphatic system support?

Answer 8

• cardiovascular
• immune

Question 9

does the lymphatic system return the interstitial fluid?

Answer 9

YES

Question 10

What are the 4 main parts of the lymphatic system?

Answer 10

1. lymph: watery substance flowing through the lymphatic system, leftover blood plasma forced out of capillaries
2. lymphatic vessels: tunnels that get the lymph where it actually needs to be while checking it on the way using |v|
3. lymph nodes: checkpoints for the lymph
4. lymphatic tissues: some containing immune cells to help cleanse and defend against any potentially harmful substances, others house maturing immune cells

Question 11

What is the function of the thymus and spleen?

Answer 11

house maturing immune cells aka lymphocytes

Question 12

What constructs lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 12

endothelial cells and flaplike minivalves that open when pressure outside the capillary is higher than inside

Question 13

What is the order of travel in the lymphatic system?

Answer 13

lymph node > lymph trunk > lymph duct

increasing in size as they progress

Question 14

how many lymph ducts are there and where do they feed back?

Answer 14

2 and into lowest pressure areas of the circulatory system

Question 15

Where does each lymphatic duct collect from?

Answer 15

Right: Upper right torso, right arm, right side of head and thorax dump into the jugular vein
Larger thoracic duct: the rest of the body and dumps into the subclavian vein

Question 16

What is edema?

Answer 16

Swelling due to buildup of lymph fluid, can result in the blocking of an artery and lack of oxygen

Question 17

What do lymphocytes in lymph nodes do when they find bacteria or other microorganisms?

Answer 17

1. release macrophages that are present in. the lymph node
2. activate general immune system if extra support is needed

Question 18

Where are lymphocytes found and where do they mature?

Answer 18

loose reticular connective tissue

Question 19

what are inflamed lymph nodes an early sign of?

Answer 19

disease or infection

Question 20

there are special checkpoints by what other tissues and why?

Answer 20

respiratory and digestive tissues because they are extra sensitive to infections

Question 21

What are MALTs and what does that stand for?

Answer 21

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues the outposts in mucous membranes that help protect extra sensitive tissues

Question 22

What are examples of MALTs?

Answer 22

Tonsils, Peyer’s patches by the small intestine, appendix

Question 23

What lymph organ holds a reservoir of platelets?

Answer 23

spleen

Question 24

what tissue composes the stroma of most lymphoid organs?

Answer 24

reticular connective

Question 25

what lymphatic vessel collects interstitial fluid?

Answer 25

capillaries

Question 26

what lymphatic structure absorbs lipids in the intestine?

Answer 26

lacteal

Question 27

What are the 4 kinds of tonsils and what are their unique functions/locations?

Answer 27

Palatine tonsils are at the back of your throat by the dangly thing/pharynx Tubal tonsils are located at the sides of the roof of your mouth Submandibular are sort of at the back of your tongue Pharyngeal are at the roof of your mouth

Question 28

What does the lymphatic system help maintain in relation to the cardiovascular system?

Answer 28

blood volume and therefore, pressure

Question 29

Do lymph nodes have more efferent or afferent vessels?

Answer 29

afferent - slows flow

Question 30

how many ways does lymph flow and in which direction(s)?

Answer 30

one way, towards the heart

Question 31

what organ develops and trains lymphocytes?

Answer 31

thymus

Question 32

what actually filters lymph?

Answer 32

lymph nodes

Question 33

Excess tissue fluid in the brain drains into the ___

Answer 33

CSF

Question 34

What is the CSF

Answer 34

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 35

What happens when tonsilitis occurs?

Answer 35

inflamed and enlarged tonsils

Question 36

what is called when lymph nodes are filled with pus?

Answer 36

buboes

Question 37

what is the name for a severe localized edema?

Answer 37

lymphedema

Question 38

What is the symptom of lymphangitis?

Answer 38

red lines under the skin that are sensitive to touch

Question 39

What are the characteristics of lymphatic collecting ducts?

Answer 39

- presence of valves - anatomical distributions of each vary among individuals - they're made of 3 layers of tunics

Question 40

Why does lymphoid tissue swell when there is an infection?

Answer 40

when there is infection, b lymphocytes divide in order to attack the infection more aggressively, the increased number of cells causes the tissue, and thereby, the organ, to appear swollen

Question 41

what are the trabeculae extensions of and what is their function?

Answer 41

the capsule of a lymph node, to divide the lymph node into multiple sections

Question 42

What are the many sections of the lymph node?

Question 43

what are medullary cords?

Answer 43

thin, inwards extensions from the cortical lymph tissue in the lymph node

Question 44

what are the different types of tissues in lymph organs

Question 45

what are the large lymph capillaries in a lymph node that're created by crisscrossing reticular fibres?

Answer 45

lymph sinuses

Question 46

which of the following trunks is unpaired? jugular, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar

Answer 46

the intestinal

Question 47

what is the site of erythrocyte production in feti?

Answer 47

spleen

Question 48

define white vs red pulp

Question 49

Where do B lymphocytes originate and mature?

Answer 49

in red bone marrow

Question 50

what is the function of T lymphocytes?

Answer 50

producing an immune response

Question 51

what is the function of b lymphocytes?

Answer 51

producing plasma cells

Question 52

what is the function of macrophages?

Answer 52

phagocytizing foreign entities

Question 53

what are dendritic cells and what are their functions?

Answer 53

capture antigens and delivers to lymph nodes while activating t cells

Question 54

what are reticular cells?

Answer 54

produce reticular fibers called stroma in lymph organs

Question 55

what is the stroma?

Answer 55

network-like support that acts as scaffolding for immune cells

Question 56

what is reticular connective tissue?

Answer 56

all lymphoid organs except thymus contain it, the lamina propria of mucous membranes, macrophages in networks, lymphocytes with temporary stopovers

Question 57

what are the 2 main types of lymphoid tissues?

Answer 57

diffuse lymphoid tissue: which are a loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers, in basically every organ with larger collections in lamina propria of mucous membranes lymphoid follicles or nodules: solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers with germinal center of proliferating B cells

Question 58

whats the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 58

primary: produce and mature T and B cells secondary: where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and become activated

Question 59

what is the construction of lymph nodes?

Answer 59

the cortex: follicles with germ centres containing dividing B cells medulla: has medullary cords containing B and T cells with large lymph sinuses aka lymph capillaries, they also have a large network of reticular fibers where macrophages are stationed to police the lymphatic fluid

Question 60

enters via afferent vessels on which side?

Answer 60

convex side