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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

any substance that cause disease or damage
to the tissues of the body

A

pathogen

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2
Q

fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of water
and some solutes

A

lymph

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3
Q

Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory system and fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces

A

Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels

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4
Q

 Tiny, closed-ended vessels made of simple squamous
epithelium
 Fluid moves easily into
 Present in most tissues
 Join to form lymphatic vessels

A

lymphatic capillaries

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5
Q

 Resemble small veins
 Where lymphatic capillaries join
 One-way valves
 Compression of the lymphatic vessels causes lymph to
move forward through them

A

lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

what are the three factors that causes the compression of the lymphatic vessels

A
  1. contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle during activity
  2. periodic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall
  3. pressure changes in thorax during breathing
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7
Q

what are the 2 location in the body that lymphatic vessels join and eventually empty into the blood

A

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

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8
Q

 Resemble small veins
 Where lymphatic capillaries join
 One-way valves
 Compression of the lymphatic vessels causes lymph to
move forward through them

A

Lymphatic vessels

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9
Q

 Rest of body empties from lymphatic vessels
 Empties into left subclavian vein

A

thoracic duct

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10
Q

collection of lymphoid nodules associated with the pharynx

A

tonsils

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11
Q

filters lymph

A

lymph nodes

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12
Q

involved in lymphocytes production

A

thymus

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13
Q

filters the blood

A

spleen

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14
Q

Houses many lymphocytes and other defense cells
(macrophages)

A

lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

Found within lymphatic organs as well as other organs and has very fine reticular fibers

A

lymphatic tissue

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16
Q

Traps pathogens and other items in the fluid

A

lymphatic tissue

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17
Q

Form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around nasal and oral cavities. Protect against pathogens entering the mouth and nose.

A

tonsils

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18
Q

what are the two functions od lymph noeds?

A

 Activate the immune system
 Remove pathogens from the lymph through
macrophages

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19
Q

What are the three superficial aggregations of lymph nodes on each side of the body?

A

 Inguinal nodes in the groin
 Axillary nodes in the armpit
 Cervical nodes in the neck

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20
Q

Rounded structures that vary in size and lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering blood

A

lymph nodes

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21
Q

surrounds the lymph node; made of dense connective
tissue

A

capsule

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22
Q

subdivides the lymph node into compartments (lymphatic
tissue and sinuses)

A

trabecula

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23
Q

consist of cells that accumulate to form lymphatic
nodules

A

lymphatic tissue

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24
Q

are spaces between the lymphatic tissue that
contain macrophages on a network of fibers

A

lymphatic sinuses

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25
Q

rapidly dividing lymphocytes

A

germinal centers

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26
Q

lymph enters the lymph nodes through 1. _____. Lymph passes through the lymphatic 2.______ and 3.______. Eventually exits through 4.________

A
  1. afferent vessels
  2. tissue
  3. sinuses
  4. efferent vessels
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27
Q

it is the removal of spleen

A

splenectomy

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28
Q

 Size of clenched fist
 Located in abdomen
 Filters blood
 Detect and respond to foreign substances
 Destroy old red blood cells
 Blood reservoir

A

spleen

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29
Q

what are the 2 specialized lymphatic tissues?

A

white pulp
red pulp

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30
Q

lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries

A

white pulp

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31
Q

contains macrophages and red blood cells that connect to veins

A

red pulp

32
Q

 Bilobed gland
 Located in superior mediastinum
 Site of maturation of T-cells

A

thymus gland

33
Q

Also a site of production of large number of T-cells however most deteriorate

A

thymus gland

34
Q

dark-staining areas containing numerous lymphocytes

A

cortex

35
Q

lighter-staining areas with few lymphocytes

A

medulla

36
Q

Ability to resist damage from pathogens
Ex: microbes, toxins, cancer cells

A

immunity

37
Q

what are the types of immunity?

A

 Innate or nonspecific
 Adaptive or specific

38
Q

 Present at birth
 Defense against any pathogen accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, cells, inflammatory response

A

innate immunity

39
Q

 First line of defense
 Skin and mucous membranes to act as barriers
 Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens

A

physical barriers

40
Q

promote inflammation by causing vasodilation

A

histamine

41
Q

proteins that protect against viral infections by
stimulating neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins

A

interferons

42
Q

ingest and destroy foreign substances
Ex: neutrophils and macrophages

A

phagocytic cells

43
Q
  • first cells to respond to infection but die quickly
    -pus- accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils and other
    cells at the site of inflammation
A

Neutrophils

44
Q

 Derived from red bone marrow
 Found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract

A

Mast Cells

45
Q

 Derived from red bone marrow
 Leave blood and enter infected tissues

A

basophils

46
Q

 Produced in red bone marrow
 Associated with allergies and asthma

A

Eosinophils

47
Q

 Type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow
 Recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus
infected cells
 Release chemicals to lysis cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

48
Q

what are two characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A

specificity
memory

49
Q

ability to recognize a particular substance

A

specificity

50
Q

ability to respond with increasing effectiveness to successive exposures to antigen

A

memory

51
Q

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

 Antibody- mediated immunity (B-cells)
 Cell-mediated immunity (T-cells)

52
Q

substance that stimulates adaptive immune
response

A

antigen

53
Q

introduced from outside the
body (microorganisms, pollen, flood, drugs, etc.)

A

Foreign antigen

54
Q

molecule produced by person’s body that stimulates immune system response

A

Self-antigen

55
Q

proteins the body produces in response to
antigen

A

antibody

56
Q

 Mature in red bone marrow
 Move to lymphatic tissue after mature
 Lead to production of antibodies

A

B cells

57
Q

 Mature in thymus gland
 Move to lymphatic tissue after mature

A

T cells

58
Q

what are the effects of antibodies?

A

 Inactivate antigen
 Bind antigens together
 Active complement cascades
 Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
 Facilitate phagocytosis

59
Q

 Activate macrophages
 Help form B cells
 Promote production of Tc

A

Helper T cells (TH)

60
Q

Precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

A

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

61
Q

Turn off immune system response when antigen is gone

A

Regulatory T cells (Tr)

62
Q

 Natural exposure to antigens causes production of
antibodies
 Can be lifelong immunity

A

active natural immunity

63
Q

 Transfer of antibodies from other to child
 Ex. Breast milk or placenta

A

Passive Natural Immunity

64
Q

 Injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the
production of antibodies
 Vaccination or immunization- process of introducing
killed, live, or inactivated pathogen

A

Active Artificial Immunity

65
Q

 Injection of antibodies from another person or animal

A

Passive Artificially Adaptive Immunity

66
Q

movement of WBC in response to a chemical stimulus

A

Chemotaxis

67
Q

leave blood and enter tissues. Can ingest more than neutrophils and responsible for phagocytic activity in the late stages of infection

A

macrophages

68
Q

Confided to a specific area
Symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

A

Local inflammation

69
Q

Generally distributed throughout the body

A

Systemic inflammation

70
Q
  • Uses B cells to produce antibodies
  • Effective against in body fluids (blood and lymph)
  • humoral mediated immunity
A

Antibody - mediated immunity

71
Q

What are the 5 immunoglobulins?

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD

72
Q

1st exposure of B cells to antigen and B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell and memory cells

A

Primary response

73
Q
  • Can produce antibodies
  • 3 - 14 days to be effective against antigen
  • person develop disease symptoms
A

Plasma cells

74
Q

Occurs when the immune system is exposed to antigen that has been seen before

A

Secondary response

75
Q

B memory cells quickly divide to form plasma cells which rapidly produce antibodies and produces new memory cells

A

Memory cells

76
Q
  • uses different types of T cells
  • effective against antigen inside cells and tissues
  • essential in viral infections
A

Cell - Mediated Immunity

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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