Lymphatic System Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
Lymphatic system
A
Part of Immune system,
-vast collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels
2
Q
Lymphatic system is closely associated with which other body system?
A
Cardiovascular system
3
Q
Lymphatic system is made of
A
Network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids
4
Q
3 functions of lymphatic system
A
1.Transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces and returns it to the bloodstream
2.absorbs lipids from digestive system and transports them to the bloodstream
- Defends against diseases
5
Q
Immune system and lymphatic system relationship
A
Many cells of lymphatic system defend against disease and give permanent immunity against future infections
6
Q
Lymph vessels
A
Carry lymph
7
Q
Lymph vessels
A
Carry lymph
8
Q
Lipids
A
Fat
9
Q
Function of lacteals
A
lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats and transport them to the blood
10
Q
Lymphatic pathways
A
1.Lymphatic capillaries
2.Lymphatic vessels
3.Lymph nodes
4.Larger lymphatic vessels
5.Lymphatic trunks
6.Lymphatic collecting ducts
7.subclavian veins in thorax
11
Q
Lymphatic capillaries function
A
where fluid exchanges occur
12
Q
Anything from lymphatic system will end up in
A
Cardiovascular system
13
Q
Lymphatic capillaries structure
A
-Microscopic, close-ended tubes
-thin walled
-made of simple squamous epithelium
14
Q
Lymph
A
Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters lymphatic capillaries is called lymph
15
Q
Lymphatic capillaries merge into
A
Lymphatic vessels
16
Q
Lymphatic vessels are made of 3 layers
A
Thinner than veins
1. Endothelial (inner)
2. Smooth muscle
3. Connective tissue (outer)
17
Q
What kind of valves do lymphatic vessels have?
A
Semilunar valves
18
Q
Larger lymphatic vessels lead to
A
Lymph nodes and then lymphatic trunks
19
Q
What causes lymph movement?
A
- Action of skeletal muscles
- Respiratory movements
- Smooth muscle in larger lymphatic vessels
4.Valves in lymphatic vessels
20
Q
Lymphatic trunks
A
Drain lymph from lymphatic vessels.
They are named for the regions they serve: lumbar, intestinal, subclavian, intercostal, jugular
21
Q
Function of lymph collecting ducts
A
Drain lymph from trunks
Thoracic duct (large)
Right lymphatic duct (small)
22
Q
Which lymph collecting duct is small?
A
Right lymphatic duct
23
Q
Which lymph collecting duct is large?
A
Thoracic duct
24
Q
Thoracic duct drains into
A
Left subclavian vein
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__________ duct drains a much larger portion of the body than the right lymphatic duct
Thoracic
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Breast drains to
Axillary lymph nodes, cancer surgery can disrupt lymphatic flow and cause edema
27
Large thoracic duct drains into
Left subclavian vein
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Small right lymphatic duct drains into
Right subclavian vein
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Summary of lymphatic pathway
1. Lymphatic capillary
2.Afferent lymphatic vessel
3.lymph node
4.Efferent lymphatic vessel
5. Lymphatic trunk
6. Collecting duct
7.Subclavian vein
30
Afferent lymph vessels
Going towards the lymph nodes
31
Efferent lymph vessels
Away from lymph nodes
32
How is lymph made?
Hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces and forces fluid into the lymphatic capillaries
Made to prevent edema
33
Roles of lymphatic capillaries
1-Absorption of dietary fats
2-Deliver absorbed fats into the bloodstream
3-collect excess interstitial fluid
4-deliver excess fluid to the bloodstream
5-deliver foreign particles to lymph nodes
34
Cervical region of lymph nodes drain from
Nasal cavity
35
Axillary region of lymph nodes is in
Armpit
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Supratrochlear region of lymph nodes
Above elbow
37
Major locations of lymph nodes
CASIPAT
1.Cervical region
2.Axillary region
3.Supratrochlear
4.Inguinal
5.Pelvic
6. Abdominal cavity
7.Thoracic cavity
38
Inguinal
Genital
39
Lymph node
Bean shaped,
2.5 cm long. Filter pathogens from lymph
40
Lymph nodes are located along
Lymphatic vessels
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Lymph nodes contain
T Lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and macrophages
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Hilum
Where blood and nerve meet the lymph vessel
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Thymus
Some cells mature into
T-LYMPHOCYTES which leave thymus to provide immunity
44
Thymosins
Hormones produced in the thymus to stimulate T cell maturation
45
Thymus is a type of
Gland,
46
Thymus located anterior to
Aortic arch
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Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
48
What does the Thymus release?
Thymosins which stimulates T cell maturation
49
What happens to the thymus as you age?
It shrinks.
The thymus is large in infancy and shrinks at puberty. In the elderly, the thymus is replaced by adipose and other connective tissue
50
In the elderly lymphatic tissue is replaced by
Adipose and other connective tissues
51
Largest lymphatic organ
Spleen
52
Spleen location
Upper left part of the abdominal cavity
53
Resembles large lymph node
Spleen
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The spleen contains
Sinuses filled with blood
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Types of tissue in the spleen?
White pulp
Red pulp
56
Function of spleen
Filters blood like the lymph nodes filer lymph
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White pulp
Lymphocytes
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Red pulp
RBCs, lymphocytes, macrophages
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Spleen is right by
Stomach
60
Graveyard for RBCs
Spleen
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Major organs of lymphatic system
-Lymph nodes
-Thymus
-Spleen
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Houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged red blood cells and cellular debris from the blood, contains lymphocytes
Spleen
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Houses lymphocytes differentiates thymocytes into t lymphocytes
Thymus
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Filter foreign particles and debris from lymph.Produce and house lymphocytes that destroy foreign particles in lymph. House macrophages that engulf and destroy foreign particles and cellular debris in lymph
Lymph nodes
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Pathogens
Disease causing agents
Bacteria, viruses, fungi
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The presence and multiplication of a pathogen in the body may cause
Infection
67
Defense mechanisms to prevent entry of pathogens and destroy them
1. Innate (non-specific) defenses
2.Adaptive (specific) defenses
68
Innate (non specific defenses)
-General defenses
-Protect against many types of pathogens
-EX: skin keeps everything out
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Adaptive (specific) defenses
-known as immunity
-more specific and precise, targeting specific antigens
-carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules
-lifelong immunity against chicken pox
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Defenses you're born with
Non-specific
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Types of innate defenses
1.Species resistance 2.mechanical barriers 3.chemical barriers
4. natural killer cells 5.inflammation
6.Phagocytosis
7.fever
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Species resistance
A species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible
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Mechanical barriers
Unbroken skin and mucous membranes prevent the entrance of some infectious agents.
fluids wash away microorganisms before they can firmly attach to tissues
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Chemical barriers
Enzymes, pH, high salt concentration, interferons, positive chemotaxis
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Natural killer cells
A distinct type of lymphocyte that secretes perforins that lyse virus infected cells and cancer cells
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Inflammation
A tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues
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Phagocytosis
Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles and cells
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Fever
Elevated body temperature directly inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity
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Certain species do not have the appropriate temperature or chemical environment or receptors for a pathogen to survive and proliferate
Species resistance
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Example of very specific pathogen
Viruses
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People with sickle cell cannot get which illness?
Malaria
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First line of defense
Skin and mucous membranes, earwax
form mechanical barriers
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Second line of defense
All other nonspecific defenses except for mechanical barriers
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Example of mechanical barriers
-Anything that prevents the entrance of pathogens
-ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract traps and sweeps away pathogens
-hair traps pathogens
-Skin sloughs off removing superficial bacteria
-tears, saliva and urine wash away microorganisms
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Types of chemical barriers
Enzymes and interferons
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Enzymes
Destroy microorganisms, pepsin in gastric juice, lysozyme in tears
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Interferons
Block viral replication, act against growth of tumors, stimulate phagocytosis
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Examples of enzymes
Pepsin and lysozyme
Destroy microorganisms
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NK cells also enhace
Inflammation
90
Natural killer cells
Small population of lymphocytes that are different from B&T cells
Defend against viruses and cancer cells by secreting substances called perforins that burst the cell membrane
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NK cells are part of _________ defenses
Innate, non specific
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Inflammation produces effects
1. Local redness, swelling, heat and pain
2.A process that walls off infection site and inhibits the spread of infection
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What happens after blood vessels dilate, capillary permeability increases, and fluid leaks into tissue spaces
Tissues become red swollen warm and painful
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What happens after white blood cells invade the region
Pus may form as the white blood cells, bacterial cells and cellular debris accumulate
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What happens after tissue fluids containing clotting factors seep into the area
A clot containing threads of fibrin may form
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Major actions of an inflammation response
1. Blood vessels dilate
2.WBCs invade the region
3.Tissue fluids containing clotting factors seep into the area
4. Fibroblasts arrive
5. Phagocytes are active
6.cells divide
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Phagocytosis function in lymphatic system
Removes foreign particles from the lymph
98
Most active phagocytic cells
Neutrophils and monocytes
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Chemotaxis
Chemicals from damaged tissue attract phagocytic cells
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Monocytes become
Macrophages
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Macrophage means
Large eater
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Phagocytes are in
Blood vessels,
Spleen,
Liver or bone marrow ,
Lymph nodes
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Fever starts when
Starts when an infection (viral or bacterial) stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate producing cells that secrete a substance called interleukin 1 which raises the thermal regulatory set point
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Effects of fever on the body
1.Inhibits microbial growth
2.Causes liver and spleen to take up iron so that it's unavailable for bacteria and fungi use
3. Increases phagocytic activity
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IL1
Interleukin one
1.raises the thermal regulatory set point
2.is secreted during viral or bacterial infection
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Third line of defense
1.Developed over time, babies have weak third line of defense
2.resistance to particular pathogens and substances
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Immunity
Resistance to particular pathogens and their toxins or metabolic byproducts
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Immune response is based on
Ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body (self) vs non-self
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Antigens
Non-self molecules that can elicit an immune response
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Adaptive responses are carried out by
Lymphocytes and macrophages that can recognize specific antigens
111
Types of adaptive defenses
-Cellular immune response
-humoral immune response
112
Cellular immune response performed by
Immune cells
113
Humoral immune response
Performed by antibodies
114
Humoral immune response
Performed by antibodies
115
Cellular immune response is carried out by
T cells
116
Example of cellular immune response
Cell is infected and the cell is destroyed by immune system
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Humoral immune response is in
The fluid
118
How do antibodies deal with bacteria
Attach to pathogen
119
Cellular immune response and humoral immune response are part of which line of defense
Third line of defense
120
Second line of defense includes
1.Chemical barriers
2.natural killer cells 3.inflammation 4.phagocytosis
5. fever
121
First line of defense
Skin
122
Humoral immune response is carried out by which cells
b cells
123
Receptors on surface of lymphocytes enable the cells to recognize ___-____ ________
Non-self antigens
124
Haptens
Small molecules that when combined with a large molecule produce an immune response. Don't provoke immune response by themselves. Only when bound
125
Example of hapten
Poison ivy
Has oil
126
Haptens can be recognized by
Pre-formed antibodies
127
3.Kinds of T cells
1. Helper T cells
2. Cytotoxic T cells
3.Memory T cells
128
Helper T cells
Activate other cells; help B cells produce antibodies
129
Cytotoxic t cells
Attack virally infected or cancerous cells
130
Memory t cells
Provide future immune protection
131
Which chemical do cytotoxic t cells use to attack?
Perforin
132
Dispatcher t cells
Helper T cells
133
Which cells remember how to fight the invader?
Memory t cells. Helps you fight quickly
134
How are t cells activated?
Antigen presenting cell APC
135
Examples of antigen presenting cells
Macrophages
B Cells
136
APC antigen presenting cells work in the following way
1. Puts fragments of destroyed cell on the cell membrane.
2. APC shows t cell the cell fragments and tells it to recognize it as a foreign antigen and kill it
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Major histocompatibility complex MHC
1.protein on macrophage (or other antigen presenting cells) that helps hold antigen out for recognition by T cells
The function of MHC molecules is to bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells
138
Human leukocyte antigens
complex of genes on chromosome 6 in humans which encode cell-surface proteins responsible for regulation of the immune system
139
Do T lymphocytes have MHC arms?
Yes
140
The T lymphocyte must be activated by
The APC
141
What digests the pathogen and presents it on its MHC?
APC
142
How are T lymphocytes activated?
T lymphocytes have an MHC arm that helps them pick up antigens from APC arm (MHC)
143
After antigen recognition, t cells secrete
Cytokines and interleukins
144
Cytokines mean
Communication
145
Cytokines
Enhance cellular responses to antigens
Tells B cells and other T cells that there is a pathogen
146
Cytotoxic t cell
And natural killer cells release
Perforin
147
NK cells are _________ cytotoxic t cells are __________
NK cells are innate
Cytotoxic T cells are specific
148
Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
Colony stimulating factors
149
Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses ,stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells
Interferons
150
Interleukins
Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation
151
Tumor necrosis Factor
Stops tumor growth releases growth factors causes fever that accompanies bacterial infection, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation
152
Interferons
1. Block viral replication
2.Stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses
3.Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies,
4. Attack cancer cells
153
B cells are made in the
Bone marrow and they produce antibodies
154
B cells are activated by
APC that matches the receptor
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Once proper cytokines are released from helper T cells B cells respond by
Proliferating,
enlarging clone of identical cells
156
Some new B cells become
Memory B cells
157
Memory B cells
Provide future immunity
158
Plasma cells
New b cells that produce large globular proteins
Make lots of antibodies very quickly
159
Immunoglobulins
Antibodies,
Large globular proteins
160
Antibody-mediated immune response
Humoral immune response
Antibodies carried by blood to the infection site
161
B cells and T cells both require ______ to work
Activation
162
T cells secrete cytokines to
Activate B cells to proliferate
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T cells and B cells both make _____ cells
T cells and B cells both make memory cells
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Helper T cell alerts both
T cells and B cells
165
Explain adaptive immunity steps
1. Macrophage kills pathogens and displays remnants on MHC
2 . t cell contacts displayed antigen.
3. Helper T cells send out cytokines after contacting displayed antigen. (Alerts T cells and B cells)
4. T cells make memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells in response
5.B cells make contact with MHC on APC and are activated
6. B cells make plasma cells and memory cells
166
B cell proliferation makes both
1. Dormant memory B cells
2. Antibody secreting plasma cells (colony of antibody makers)
167
B cell activities in antibody production
1. B cell is activated when it meets the antigen or when it's told to activate by helper T cells
2. B cell makes clones and enlarges the clones
3. Makes more clones, some turn into plasma cells. Makes more antibodies for that antigen
1. Antigen-bearing agents enter tissues
2.B cell encounters an antigen that fits it's antigen receptors
3.Either alone or in conjunction with helper T cells, the B cell is activated. The B cell proliferates enlarging it's clone
4. Some of the newly formed B cells differentiate further to become plasma cells
5.Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies whose molecular structure is similar to the activated B cell's antigen receptors
168
T cell activities in antibody production
1. APC displays antigen and helper T cells are activated when they meet the antigen on the APC
3. Helper T releases cytokines when it meets a B cell that has encountered the same antigen before.
3. B cells proliferate thanks to cytokines released by helper T cells. The make antibodies and plasma cells
1.Antigen bearing agents enter tissues
2.Accesory cell such as macrophage phagocytizes the antigen bearing agent and the macrophage's lysosomes digest the agent
3. Antigens from the digested antigen bearing agents are displayed on the membrane of the accessory cell
4. Helper T cell becomes activated when it encounters a displayed antigen that fits its antigen receptors
5. Activated helper T cell releases cytokines when it encounters a B cell that has previously combined with an identical antigen bearing agent
6. Cytokine stimulate the B cell to proliferate
7. Some of the newly formed B cells give rise to cells that differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells
169
Antibodies
-Globular proteins
-Y shaped Proteins -composed of 4 amino acid chains, 2 heavy and 2 light
170
Gamma globulin fraction of plasma proteins
Antibodies
171
Antibodies are made of
composed of 4 amino acid chains, 2 heavy and 2 light
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Each antibody has a unique _____ _____ ___________
Amino acid sequence, specific to each antigen
173
Antigen binding sites are made of
Variable regions of light and heavy chains
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Antigen binding sites are made of
Variable regions of light and heavy chains
175
Variable region is specific to
Antigen
176
Variable region is specific to
Antigen
177
Amino acids have what kind of bridges?
Disulfide bridges, help make the antibody
178
IgG
-80%
-Helps defend against bacteria, viruses and toxin.
Activates complement
-occurs in plasma and tissue fluid
179
IgA
-exocrine gland secretions
-defends against bacteria and viruses
-13% of antibodies
180
IgM
-plasma
-reacts with antigens on some RBC following mismatched blood transfusions. Activates complement
181
IgM percentage
6%
182
IgD & IgE %
Less than 1%
183
IgD
-surface of most B lymphocytes
- B cell activation
184
IgE
-exocrine gland secretions
-promotes inflammation and allergic responses
185
Antibodies react to antigens in 3 ways
1. Direct attack on antigens
2. Activation of complement IgG and IgM
3. Stimulation of local change, inflammation to help prevent the spread of infection
186
How does direct attack by an antibody work
Antibody attaches directly to antigen so it dies in the spleen after blood is filtered.
187
Which antibodies are responsible for the activation of the complement?
IgG and IgM
188
Primary immune response
First time you get infected you don't make as many antibodies.
First antibodies appear in 5-10 days and remain for several weeks; memory B cells are also produced
189
Secondary immune response
Makes more antibodies after re-exposure. High concentration of antibodies in 1-2 days. Antibodies remain for months or years. Memory B cells live for many years.
190
Vaccine
Killed or weakened bacteria or viruses. Chemically altered toxins, or glycoproteins to stimulate antigen response
191
Naturally acquired immunity
Obtained by natural process (getting and recovering from the disease or given for mother to fetus or infant)
192
Artificially acquired immunity
Obtained by injection instead of natural process
193
Passive immunity
Temporary immunity obtained via antibodies. no antigen exposure. no immune response is evoked by the person's immune system
194
Active immunity
Permanent immunity is obtained via antigen contact immune response is evoked and memory B cells are produced
195
Stimulation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease
Naturally acquired active immunity
196
Stimulation of an immune response without symptoms of a disease
Artificially acquired active immunity
197
Short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response
Naturally acquired passive immunity
198
Short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response
Artificially acquired passive immunity
199
Exposure to a live pathogen gives you which type of immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
200
Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components gives you which kind of immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
201
Antibodies pass from fetus to pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through colostrum or breast milk from a woman with active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
202
Injection of anti-serum containing specific antibodies or antitoxin
Artificially acquired passive immunity
203
Hypersensitivity
1.Exaggerated immune response to non-harmful antigen
2. Person is presensitized to a certain antigen
204
Who can hypersensitivity affect
Almost anyone or people with inherited exaggerated immune response
205
Type 1 hypersensitivity immediate reaction
Overproduction of IgE antibodies
206
Hay fever is an example of
Type 1 hypersensitivity
207
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis of antigen
208
Antibody dependent cytotoxic reaction
Type 2 hypersensitivity
209
Mismatched blood transfusion is an example of
Type 2 hypersensitivity
210
Immediate reaction
Type 1 hypersensitivity
211
Type 3 hypersensitivity
Phagocytosis and lysis cannot clear antigen- antibody complexes
212
Immune complex reaction is which type of hypersensitivity
Type 3 hypersensitivity
213
Autoimmunity
Example of type 3 hypersensitivity
214
Type 4 hypersensitivity
T cells and macrophages release chemical factors into the skin
215
Delayed reaction is which type of hypersensitivity
Type 4
216
Dermatitis is an example of which kind of hypersensitivity
Type 4 hypersensitivity
217
1.Allergy person produces many IgE antibodies against the specific allergen
2. Occurrence minutes after contact with allergen histamine is released 3.symptoms include hives hay fever asthma eczema gastric disturbances and anaphylactic shock
Type 1 immediate reaction hypersensitivity
218
1.Antigen binds to specific cell; causes phagocytosis complement lyses antigen 2.transfusion reaction
Type 2 hypersensitivity antibody dependent cytotoxic reaction
219
1.Antigen antibody complexes form and deposit in certain tissues
2. Damages tissues via phagocytosis and complement binding 3.antibody complexes cannot be cleared from the body
4. rheumatoid arthritis is an example
Type 3 hypersensitivity immune complex reaction
220
1.May affect anyone
2. results from repeated exposure of skin to allergen
3. allergen activates T cells in skin which release chemicals that cause eruptions and inflammation takes about 48 hours to occur
Type 4 delayed reaction hypersensitivity
221
Tissues and organs that can be transplanted
1. Cornea
2 kidney
3.liver
4.pancreas
5. heart
6. bone marrow
7. skin
8. bones
9. lungs
222
Tissue rejection reaction
Recipients immune system will try to destroy the foreign tissue
223
Tissue rejection resembles
Cellular immune response against antigens
224
How do you prevent tissue rejection
Match MHC antigens between donor and recipient.
The greater the antigenic difference, the stronger and faster the rejection reaction will be
2. Immunosuppressive drugs
225
When does the immune system attack donated tissues
When the donors tissues are recognized as foreign
226
Isograft
Comes from identical twin
Bone marrow transplant from a healthy twin to a twin who has leukemia
227
Autograft
Comes from self
Skin graft from one part of the body to replace burnt skin
228
Allograft
Same species
Kidney transplant from a relative or a closely matched donor
229
Xenograft
Different species
heart valves from a pig
230
Which grafts would not cause rejection reaction?
Autograft and isograft
231
Which grafts would tend to cause a rejection reaction
Allografts and xenografts
232
Autoimmune disorder
Immune system attacks you
Fails to distinguish self from non-self. Body produces autoantibodies
233
Autoantibodies
Body produces antibodies called autoantibodies that cause it to attack itself
234
What do cytotoxic t cells do during autoimmunity?
Attack the body's tissues and organs
235
HIV
Virus that infects the helper T cells
Autoimmune disorder
236
Diabetes I can be caused by
Autoimmune disorder
Antibodies against pancreatic beta cells
237
Graves disease can be caused by
Autoimmune disorder
238
HIV stands for
Human immunodeficiency virus
-may be silent for years, then progresses to AIDS
239
Why is it bad for HIV to attack the helper T cells?
When helper T cells decline, B cells can't produce antibodies because they can't get activated by cytokines,
240
Later, HIV variants affect which cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
241
Why does HIV/AIDS kill?
Loss of immune response against pathogens and cancers
242
Modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS
-sex
-contaminated needles
-birth or milk from infected mother
-getting infected blood or tissues from donor
243
Before attacking the helper T cells, HIV/AIDS attacks
Macrophages
244
As you get older the immune system
Declines, thymus gland shrinks. Only 25% as powerful as it once was.
Higher risk of infection and cancer
245
As you get older the immune system
Declines, thymus gland shrinks. Only 25% as powerful as it once was.
Higher risk of infection and cancer
246
As people get older, which antibodies increase
IgA and IgG
247
As people get older, which antibodies decrease?
IgM and IgE
248
Elderly may not be candidates for certain treatments that suppress immunity such as
Chemo
249
What happens to B cells and T cells with age?
T cells decrease slightly
B cell numbers don't change, but activity level declines in both B and T cells
250
With age, antibody response to antigens becomes
Slower
